Table 5.
Population description according to the identified total thoracic calcium volume cut-off values (=1067.78).
| TTC ≤ cut-off (N = 675) | TTC > cut-off (N = 418) | Overall (N = 1093) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age - median [IQR] | 60.50 [54.00, 69.00] | 77.00 [70.00, 82.00] | 68.00 [58.00, 76.00] | <0.001 |
| Gender, male - (%) | 455 (67.9) | 287 (68.8) | 742 (68.3) | 0.789 |
| Arterial hypertension - (%) | 283 (42.8) | 307 (74.0) | 590 (54.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes - (%) | 76 (11.5) | 102 (24.6) | 178 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease - (%) | 23 (4.9) | 26 (11.2) | 49 (7.0) | 0.004 |
| Chronic coroanry artery disease - (%) | 13 (3.0) | 31 (13.1) | 44 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease - (%) | 16 (2.4) | 39 (9.4) | 55 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Previous CABG - (%) | 4 (0.9) | 11 (4.8) | 15 (2.3) | 0.004 |
| Chronic lung disease - (%) | 38 (5.8) | 69 (16.6) | 107 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Active malignancy - (%) | 25 (3.8) | 26 (6.3) | 51 (4.7) | 0.076 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (mg/dl) - (median [IQR]) | 14.00 [12.70, 15.00] | 13.20 [12.00, 14.40] | 13.80 [12.40, 14.80] | <0.001 |
| White blood cells/mm3 - (median [IQR]) | 6610.00 [4900.00, 9570.00] | 6910.00 [5190.00, 9765.00] | 6730.00 [5000.00, 9667.50] | 0.130 |
| Creatinine mg/dl - median [IQR] | 0.95 [0.79, 1.14] | 1.08 [0.88, 1.42] | 0.99 [0.81, 1.24] | <0.001 |
| TnI HS ng/ml - median [IQR] | 8.00 [4.53, 18.00] | 14.80 [9.00, 49.00] | 11.20 [6.00, 31.65] | 0.001 |
| LDH mg/dl - median [IQR] | 374.00 [272.00, 498.00] | 359.00 [274.50, 486.00] | 369.00 [272.25, 491.00] | 0.432 |
| CRP mg/L - median [IQR] | 11.70 [5.31, 21.09] | 11.23 [5.50, 18.77] | 11.55 [5.40, 20.11] | 0.499 |
| Laboratory data during the hospitalization | ||||
| IL-6 pg/ml- median [IQR] | 54.85 [21.57, 244.25] | 73.00 [34.40, 157.55] | 60.20 [24.80, 233.00] | 0.372 |
| D-dimer ng/ml- median [IQR] | 1.81 [0.68, 5.66] | 1.95 [1.00, 4.05] | 1.85 [0.77, 5.33] | 0.394 |
| Radiological findings | ||||
| Calcification | ||||
| Coronary calcification | 346 (51.3) | 388 (92.8) | 734 (67.2) | <0.001 |
| Number of calcified coronary vessels | 1.00 [0.00, 2.00] | 3.00 [2.00, 3.00] | 1.00 [0.00, 3.00] | <0.001 |
| CAC Agatston - mean (SD) | 53.37 (180.37) | 586.29 (586.18) | 257.18 (467.37) | <0.001 |
| CAC Volume (mm3)- mean (SD) | 56.70 (156.85) | 592.34 (569.86) | 261.93 (455.28) | <0.001 |
| TAC Agatston - mean (SD) | 253.85 (865.11) | 5771.07 (5223.41) | 2379.38 (4262.79) | <0.001 |
| TAC volume (mm3) - mean (SD) | 219.48 (697.46) | 4649.75 (4082.09) | 1926.25 (3370.72) | <0.001 |
| AVC Agatston- mean (SD) | 27.83 (139.33) | 358.31 (418.58) | 155.50 (324.67) | <0.001 |
| AVC Volume (mm3) - mean (SD) | 21.83 (102.07) | 332.32 (390.43) | 141.78 (296.76) | <0.001 |
| Lung involment | ||||
| Well aerated lung volume - mean (SD) | 2417.84 (1413.00) | 2335.41 (1259.09) | 2386.34 (1356.24) | 0.330 |
| Left pleural effusion (mm) - mean (SD) | 1.12 (3.49) | 1.67 (4.16) | 1.33 (3.77) | 0.019 |
| Right pleural effusion (mm) - mean (SD) | 1.26 (4.31) | 2.31 (5.63) | 1.66 (4.88) | 0.001 |
| Pericardial effusion (mm)- mean (SD) | 0.16 (0.78) | 0.36 (1.15) | 0.24 (0.95) | 0.001 |
| Pneumonia - (%) | 0.549 | |||
| 0 | 12 (1.8) | 4 (1.0) | 16 (1.5) | |
| <25% | 189 (28.0) | 130 (31.2) | 319 (29.2) | |
| 25–50% | 312 (46.2) | 193 (46.3) | 505 (46.2) | |
| 50–75% | 140 (20.7) | 75 (18.0) | 215 (19.7) | |
| >75% | 22 (3.3) | 15 (3.6) | 37 (3.4) | |
| Pericardial effusion - mean (SD) | 0.16 (0.78) | 0.36 (1.15) | 0.24 (0.95) | 0.001 |
| Left pleural effusion - mean (SD) | 1.12 (3.49) | 1.67 (4.16) | 1.33 (3.77) | 0.019 |
| Right pleural effusion - mean (SD) | 1.26 (4.31) | 2.31 (5.63) | 1.66 (4.88) | 0.001 |
| In-hospital complications | ||||
| MACCE (%) | 0.143 | |||
| None | 256 (85.3) | 137 (84.0) | 393 (84.9) | |
| Cerebral stroke | 4 (1.3) | 8 (4.9) | 12 (2.6) | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.8) | 6 (1.3) | |
| Pulmonary Embolism | 31 (10.3) | 12 (7.4) | 43 (9.3) | |
| Peripheral embolism | 6 (2.0) | 3 (1.8) | 9 (1.9) | |
| In-hospital outcomes | ||||
| Hospitalization < 24 h (%) | 24 (3.6) | 1 (0.2) | 25 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization without oxygen support (%) | 48 (7.1) | 18 (4.3) | 66 (6.0) | 0.067 |
| Hospitalization with oxygen support (%) | 191 (28.3) | 121 (28.9) | 312 (28.5) | 0.836 |
| Hospitalization with NIV (%) | 134 (19.9) | 60 (14.4) | 194 (17.7) | 0.022 |
| Orotracheal intubation (%) | 113 (16.7) | 42 (10.0) | 155 (14.2) | 0.002 |
| In-hospital death (%) | 63 (9.3) | 148 (35.4) | 211 (19.3) | <0.001 |
| Death after orotracheal intubation (%) | 17 (2.5) | 19 (4.5) | 36 (3.3) | 0.081 |
IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation, LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase, CPR = c-protein reactive, MACCE = major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; Tni-HS = high-sensitivity troponin I, NIV = noninvasive ventilation, TTC total thoracic calcium, CAC = coronary artery calcium, TAC = thoracic aorta calcium, AVC = Aortic Valve Calcium.