Table 4.
Association of urinary phthalate metabolites and maternal glycemic outcomes
| Maternal Glycemic Outcome | GDMa | IGTb | GCT Glucose Level (continuous) | Excessive GWGc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AORd (95% CI) N =405 | AORd (95% CI) N = 316 | ABetad (95% CI) N=316 | AORd (95% CI) N = 396 | |
| Phthalate Metabolitee | ||||
| MEP | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | − 1.0 (−2.8, 0.9) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3)* |
| MBP | 1.0 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | − 0.9 (−3.3, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
| MIBP | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | − 0.3 (−2.5, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
| MBZP | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | − 1.0 (−3.4, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) |
| ΣDEHP | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | − 0.4 (−3.2, 2.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
| MCPP | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | − 0.9 (−3.4, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
| MCOP | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | − 1.0 (−4.2, 2.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) |
| MCNP | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.0 ( 0.7, 1.3) | − 0.5 (−3.6, 2.6) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
Abbreviations: GDM = Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; IGT = Impaired Glucose Tolerance; GCT = Glucose Challenge Test; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; ABeta = Adjusted Beta
a
GDM determined by medical record review
b
IGT determined on GCT with glucose threshold value ≥140 mg/dl
c
Excessive GWG determined by Institute of Medicine guidelines
d
AOR were adjusted for maternal age, income, maternal education, marital status, sugar beverage consumption, country of birth, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI
e
Phthalate variable were average of two urinary samples. Variables were logged for normality and adjusted for specific gravity
*
<0.05
**
≤0.01