Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries with AD and PD, 2009
| Neurodegenerative cohort | AD | PD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Cases n, column % | Controls n, column % | P value, Chi-square | Cases n, column % | Controls n, column % | P value, Chi-square |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 157,848 (88.4) | 2,163,056 (85.4) | <0.0001 | 92,807 (89.1) | 2,520,294 (85.4) | <0.0001 |
| Black | 15,487 (8.7) | 231,671 (9.1) | 6,069 (5.8) | 271,482 (9.2) | ||
| Other/Unknown | 1,058 (0.6) | 38,609 (1.5) | 1,088 (1) | 43,258 (1.5) | ||
| Asian | 1,021 (0.6) | 40,114 (1.6) | 1,680 (1.6) | 45,697 (1.5) | ||
| Hispanic | 2,746 (1.5) | 46,091 (1.8) | 2,193 (2.1) | 55,002 (1.9) | ||
| North American native | 433 (0.2) | 12,803 (0.5) | 320 (0.3) | 14,584 (0.5) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 61,977 (34.7) | 1,126,854 (44.5) | <0.0001 | 51,354 (49.3) | 1,281,053 (43.4) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 116,616 (65.3) | 1,405,490 (55.5) | 52,803 (50.7) | 1,669,264 (56.6) | ||
| Median age (IQR) | 84 (78–88) | 73 (68–80) | <0.0001 | 80 (75–86) | 74 (68–81) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbid condition | ||||||
| Stroke | 50,081 (28) | 314,697 (12.4) | <0.0001 | 30,032 (28.8) | 394,031 (13.4) | <0.0001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 5,775 (3.2) | 20,018 (0.8) | <0.0001 | 2,777 (2.7) | 27,968 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 4,915 (2.8) | 23,572 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 2020 (1.9) | 28,112 (1) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 31,754 (17.8) | 202,180 (8) | <0.0001 | 16,184 (15.5) | 243,585 (8.3) | <0.0001 |
| Cataract | 35,133 (19.7) | 539,290 (21.3) | <0.0001 | 25,193 (24.2) | 625,957 (21.2) | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 67,202 (37.6) | 409,814 (16.2) | <0.0001 | 34,873 (33.5) | 499,754 (16.9) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 50,787 (28.4) | 343,212 (13.6) | <0.0001 | 27,216 (26.1) | 413,549 (14) | <0.0001 |
| Female breast cancer | 3,399 (1.9) | 50,807 (2) | 0.0026 | 1778 (1.7) | 58,871 (2) | <0.0001 |
| Colorectal cancer | 2,253 (1.3) | 23,705 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 1,157 (1.1) | 27,695 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Endometrial cancer | 222 (0.1) | 4,113 (0.2) | <0.0001 | 85 (0.1) | 4,678 (0.2) | <0.0001 |
| Lung cancer | 2,142 (1.2) | 26,139 (1) | <0.0001 | 1,058 (1) | 29,835 (1) | 0.8859 |
| Prostate cancer | 6,038 (3.4) | 75,003 (3) | <0.0001 | 4,913 (4.7) | 86,315 (2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 37,223 (20.8) | 275,920 (10.9) | <0.0001 | 19,627 (18.8) | 328,114 (11.1) | <0.0001 |
| Depression | 66,371 (37.2) | 316,116 (12.5) | <0.0001 | 34,917 (33.5) | 388,131 (13.2) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 59,703 (33.4) | 690,590 (27.3) | <0.0001 | 37,686 (36.2) | 812,920 (27.6) | <0.0001 |
| Glaucoma | 20,130 (11.3) | 266,017 (10.5) | <0.0001 | 12,228 (11.7) | 311,620 (10.6) | <0.0001 |
| Hip/Pelvic fracture | 9,698 (5.4) | 17,463 (0.7) | <0.0001 | 3,673 (3.5) | 23,398 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 94,178 (52.7) | 803,369 (31.7) | <0.0001 | 53,682 (51.5) | 958,641 (32.5) | <0.0001 |
| Osteoporosis | 40,200 (22.5) | 315,295 (12.5) | <0.0001 | 19,790 (19) | 380,435 (12.9) | <0.0001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis | 64,516 (36.1) | 536,944 (21.2) | <0.0001 | 35,714 (34.3) | 644,015 (21.8) | <0.0001 |
IQR = Interquartile range.