Table 1.

Effect of low carbohydrate diets on metabolic and inflammatory markers that may influence cancer risk.

No of subjects	CHO intake	CHO: protein: fat (kcal) ratio	Saturated: monounsaturated: Polyunsaturated fats ratio	Type of fatty acids	Duration	Compared to	Reduced calorie intake	Peak BHB (mM)	Weight	Blood glucose	Insulin	CRP	IL6	TNF-α	Other inflammatory markers	References
33 Obese with MetS	<20–40 g/d	4:35:61	40:46:14		12 mo	Baseline	Yes	~0.5	↓	↓	↓	↓				(18)
52 Overweight/ obese		4:35:61			8 wk	Baseline			↓	↓	↓	↓				(52)
10 Obese with NAFLD	23–30/d	4:24:72			2 wk	Baseline	Isocaloric	~2	=				↓	↓		(53)
51 Diabetic	20–25g/d	5:20:75			6 mo	Low fat diet			↓	=		=	=		Soluble E-selectin (↓), ICAM1 (↓)	(54)
35 Obese		5:20:75	33:22:7		12 wk	Baseline	Initial 2 weeks	~2	↓	=	↓	=				(55)
17 Healthy men		5:15:80			4 wk	Habitual diet	Yes	0.77	↓	0	↓	↑	=			(56)
19 Overweight		5:31:64	39:33:16		7 d	Baseline			↓	↓		=	=		MCP1 (↓)	(57)
9 Healthy	<50 g/d	7.5:27:65			4 wk	Habitual diet		0.7	↓	0			=			(58)
15 Overweight men		8:28:63	44:36:20		6 wk	Baseline	Yes		↓			↓	↓	↓	ICAM1 (↓)	(59)
15 Obese	<40 g/d	10:34:56	41:42:17		12 wk	Baseline	Yes		↓	↓	↓	↓		=		(60)
10 Healthy women		10:30:60	42:36:21		4 wk	Baseline						=	=	=		(14)
16 Diabetics		10:25:65	23:60:17		4 d	Baseline			↓	↓	=		=	=	MCP1 (=), pJNK (↓), IL10(=), IL18 (=)	(61)
21 Statin takers	<50 g/d	11:28:58	51:35:14		6 wk	Baseline	Yes	~0.5	↓	=	↓	=	=	=	IL8 (=), soluble E-selectin (↓), ICAM-1 (↓)	(62)
34 Overweight male		11:43:46		EPA/DHA	4 wk	No omega 3, ketogenic diet			=	=	↓		↓	↓	IL1β (↓)	(63)
						Baseline	Yes		↓	↓	↓		↓	↓	IL1β (↓)
20 Overweight		12:29:59	48:35:16	Described	12 wk	Low fat diet	Yes		↓			↓	=	↓	VEGF (↓), P-selectin (↓), IL8 (↓), MCP1 (↓), E-Selectin (↓), PAI (↓), ICAM-1 (↓)	(64)
8 Men		12:30:58	30:44:26	Described	6 wk	Baseline	No	0.26	=	=	=	=	=	=	IL8 (=), MCP1 (=)	(65)
29 Overweight women		12:30:58			4 wk	Baseline	Yes		↓	=		↑	=			(66)
29 Overweight/obese men		13:27:60	37:45:18		12 wk	Baseline	Yes		↓			↓	=	↓		(67)
12 With metabolic syndrome	<50 g/d	16:22:62	45:40:15		4 wk	Baseline	Yes	0.53	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	ICAM1 (↓)	(68)
14 Obese	<50 g/d	19:70:11	42:23:35	250–500 mg DHA	6 mo	Baseline	Yes		↓	↓	↓	↓	=	↓		(69)
28 Obese	<50 g/d	20:60:20			12 mo	Baseline	Yes		=	=	↓	↓				(70)
11 Obese with T2D		20:35:45			24 wk	Control			↓	↓	↓		↓	↓		(71)
10 Obese		20:25:55			8 wk	Baseline			↓			=				(21)
15 Firefighters		23:29:48			4 wk	Baseline	Yes		↓	=	=	=				(72)
30 Type 2 diabetics		25:26:49	43:40:17		6 mo	Baseline	Yes		↓			=	=		IL1Ra (↓)	(73)
43 Severely obese	<30 g/d	32:25:43			6 mo	Baseline	Yes		↓		↓	=				(74)
75 Obese	<40 g/d	34:24:41	37:41:23		12 mo	Low fat	Yes		↓				=	=	IL8 (=), ICAM1(↓)	(75)
262 Diabetics					12 mo	Baseline		0.31	↓			↓			WBC (↓)	(22)
11 Multiple sclerosis subjects	<50 g/d CHO, >160 g fat				6 mo	Control		1.4	↓	=	=				ALOX5 mRNA (↓)	(76)
22 Healthy, obese women	<20-60 g/d				3 mo	Baseline	Yes		↓			↓				(77)
6 Overweight divers	<40 g/d				7 d	Baseline	Yes	0.9	↓					↓	Hyperoxic-induced IL6 (↓), IL1β (↓)	(78)

The up arrow indicates “increased” and the down arrow indicates “decreased,” while = indicates “no change”.