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. 2021 Mar 10;12:1555. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21815-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A The interannual components of P_f, P_v cases, and T_min (DZ_reg) are shown to covary in amplitude at these multi-annual temporal scales. B Similarly, the variability of P_f cases and P_v cases covaries with that of the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) index. Black boxes denote the three strongest El Niño episodes covered (1997/98, 2002, and 2006). In all cases, the variability for the entire interval 1968-2008 was decomposed by means of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA^36–38) under the same analytical conditions. See “Methods” for details on both index construction and analyses. All shown components were significant against both white noise and a red-noise null model (p < 0.001).