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. 2021 Mar 10;11:5609. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84989-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SEM and the matching EDX elemental study of P. aeuroginosa: (a) Regular bacterial cells (P. aeuroginosa) without TiO₂ mesocrystals, and Co-doped TiO₂ mesocrystals treatment, (b) Abnormal, deformed and irregular bacterial cell with incomplete lysis following TiO₂ mesocrystals treatment, (c) Fully-irregular and deformed bacterial cell through Co-doped TiO₂ mesocrystals treatment presenting the full lysis of P. aeuroginosa cell, (d) Matching EDX elemental study of the treated P. aeuroginosa cell validating the cellular internalization of the qualified TiO₂ mesocrystals in P. aeuroginosa cells, and (e) Matching EDX elemental examination of the treated P. aeuroginosa cell establishing the cellular internalization of the integrated Co-doped TiO₂ mesocrystals in P. aeuroginosa cells.