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. 2021 Mar 10;11:5562. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85152-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Disease activity and galectin-9 (Gal-9) levels in T cell subsets and plasma at baseline in different groups among 77 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Patients were divided into a mild group (Mi, n = 16), moderate group (Mo, n = 44) and severe group (Se, n = 17). Results were also compared with those of controls. (A) Groups according to disease activity score 28 (DAS28). (B) Gal-9 expression in CD4 + and regulatory (Treg) T cell subsets. (C) Gal-9 expression in plasma in different RA groups and controls (n = 58). (D–F) Differences in (D) DAS28, (E) Gal-9 expression in CD3 + T cell subsets, and (F) Gal-9 expression in plasma between groups with clinical disease activity index (CDAI) ≤ 10 (n = 7) or > 10 (n = 70). Comparisons between two groups were assessed using an independent-samples t-test, while comparisons among three groups were assessed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.