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Darkness (oxidative stress) and light (signal molecule) of ROS. Oxidative stress induced by ROS lead to DNA damage, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, thus injuring cells. ROS also are involved in HIF-α, NF-κB, and Nrf2 mediated pro-inflammatory response. ROS act as important signal molecular in cell, which connect innate immunity and adaptive immunity, as well as participate in cell biological behaviors like metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis.
