Table 1:
Participant characteristics at baseline.
| Placebo (N=101) |
400FA (N=152) |
800FA (N=149) |
Creatine (N=101) |
Creatine+400FA (N = 103) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |
| Age (years) | 37.0 (32.0, 44.0) | 38.0 (33.0, 45.3) | 39.0 (31.0, 44.0) | 38.0 (30.0, 45.0) | 38.0 (31.5, 43.0) |
| Male (%) | 50.5 | 50.7 | 50.3 | 50.5 | 50.5 |
| Smoking ever (%) a | 24.8 | 24.0 | 29.5 | 28.7 | 30.1 |
| Betel nut use ever (%) a | 27.7 | 24.0 | 24.2 | 24.8 | 20.4 |
| Owns land (%) b | 46.5 | 50.7 | 48.3 | 47.5 | 43.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/ m2) c | 19.6 (18.2, 22.1) | 19.1 (18.2, 22.1) | 19.4 (18.2, 22.1) | 19.5 (18.2, 22.1) | 19.2 (18.2, 22.1) |
| Water As (μg/L) | 112.0 (73.6, 183.2) | 100.5 (73.6, 183.2) | 100 (73.6, 183.2) | 110.6 (73.6, 183.2) | 100.0 (73.6, 183.2) |
| Blood As (μg/L) | 8.6 (6.0, 11.8) | 8.4 (6.0, 11.8) | 8.8 (6.0, 11.8) | 8.8 (6, 11.8) | 9.5 (6, 11.8) |
| Urinary As (μg/L) d,e | 139.8 (93.0, 203.6) | 139.2 (93, 203.6) | 148.1 (93.0, 203.6) | 141.4 (93, 203.6) | 170.7 (93, 203.6) |
| Urinary %InAs f | 14.9 (11.7, 16.7) | 13.4 (11.7, 16.7) | 12.8 (11.7, 16.7) | 13.4 (11.7, 16.7) | 12.8 (11.7, 16.7) |
| Urinary %MMAs f | 12.7 (10.1, 15.5) | 12.3 (10.1, 15.5) | 12.2 (10.1, 15.5) | 13.1 (10.1, 15.5) | 11.9 (10.1, 15.5) |
| Urinary %DMAs f | 73.0 (68.7, 76.6) | 73.8 (68.7, 76.6) | 74 (68.7, 76.6) | 72.3 (68.7, 76.6) | 74.8 (68.7, 76.6) |
| Urinary primary methylation index d,f | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.1) |
| Urinary secondary methylation index d,f | 5.7 (4.5, 7.5) | 6.1 (4.5, 7.5) | 5.9 (4.5, 7.5) | 5.6 (4.5, 7.5) | 6.3 (4.5, 7.5) |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) f | 43.1 (30.6, 63.3) | 46.5 (30.6, 63.3) | 51.2 (30.6, 63.3) | 50 (30.6, 63.3) | 54.1 (30.6, 63.3) |
| Plasma folate (nmol/L) | 13.3 (9.5, 17.7) | 12.7 (9.5, 17.7) | 13.8 (9.5, 17.7) | 14.9 (9.5, 17.7) | 13.9 (9.5, 17.7) |
| Folate deficient (< 9 nmol/L in plasma) (%) | 21.8 | 23.7 | 18.1 | 13.9 | 20.4 |
| Plasma homocysteine (μmol/L) | 11.7 (9.2, 15.8) | 11 (9.2, 15.8) | 11.5 (9.2, 15.8) | 11.1 (9.2, 15.8) | 11.3 (9.2, 15.8) |
| Hyperhomocysteinemia (≥ 13 μmol/L) | 42.6 | 36.8 | 39.6 | 38.6 | 37.9 |
| Plasma vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 215.9 (152.5, 279.7) | 215.9 (152.5, 279.7) | 215.1 (152.5, 279.7) | 223.3 (152.5, 279.7) | 200.7 (152.5, 279.7) |
| Vitamin B12 deficient (< 151 pmol/L) (%) | 24.8 | 24.3 | 26.2 | 19.8 | 24.3 |
| Choline (nmol/mL) g | 11.4 (9.9, 13.0) | 11.3 (9.9, 13.0) | 11.6 (9.9, 13.0) | 11.9 (9.9, 13.0) | 11.4 (9.9, 13.0) |
| Betaine (nmol/mL) g | 44.5 (33.3, 57.8) | 42.6 (33.3, 57.8) | 43.7 (33.3, 57.8) | 43.6 (33.3, 57.8) | 43.1 (33.3, 57.8) |
| Plasma GAA h | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) | - | - | 1.8 (1.5, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) |
a.
400FA: N = 150.
b.
Creatine+400FA: N = 102.
c.
Placebo: N = 100; 400FA: N = 149; 800FA: N = 146; creatine: N = 98; creatine+400FA: N = 102.
d.
Adjusted for specific gravity.
e.
Placebo: N = 94; 400FA: N = 140; 800FA: N = 133; creatine: N = 93; creatine+400FA: N = 97.
f.
Placebo: N = 94; 400FA: N = 140; 800FA: N = 133; creatine: N = 94; creatine+400FA: N = 97.
g.
Creatine: N = 100.
h.
Creatine+400FA: N = 102.