Table 1. The relationship between PC and LUTS.
| Authors (year) | Measures | Design | Parameters | Subjects | Criteria | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geramoutsos et al. (26) (in 2004) | transabdominal ultrasound, TRUS | Case-case study | Symptom inventory, EPS, VB3, WBC count | Type A (n=72); type B (n=29) | Young adults (21–50 years) whose prostatic lithiasis were defined by ultrasound imaging | Larger prostatic calculi may be related to LUTS; small prostatic calculi is a normal ultrasonographic finding |
| Cha et al. (27) (in 2008) | TRUS | Prospective cohort study | IPSS, QoL, Qmax, PVR | PC (n=81); no PC (n=142) | The patients who first visit and after treatment with an alpha-blocker in BPH | PC might aggravate LUTS |
| Park et al. (24) (in 2010) | TRUS | Retrospective cohort study | IPSS, EPS, PV, VB3 | PC (n=335); no PC (n=467) | The patients who completed transrectal ultrasonography, voided bladder-3 specimen and IPSS | PC are not an independent predictive factor of severe LUTS; but old age and large PV are independent predisposing factors for PC |
| Kim et al. (28) (in 2011) | TRUS | Retrospective cohort study | IPSS | Type A (n=615); type B (n=184); no PC (n=764) | Healthy Korean men aged 40–59 years visited the health promotion center for a routine check-up | Large PC are associated with moderate LUTS; there was no statistical difference between the no calculi group and small calculi group |
| Hong et al. (29) (in 2012) | TRUS | Retrospective cohort study | PSA, prostate volume, IPSS, QoL, the PC rate | healthy men at the Health Promotion Center (n=268); patients with LUTS at the Urology Outpatients Department (n=211) | The patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonography at the Health Promotion Center and the Urology Outpatients Department | PC can aggravate LUTS but does not result in differences according to the number, size, or appearance of the calculi |
| Kim et al. (23) (in 2013) | TRUS | Retrospective cohort study | IPSS, PSA, PV | types A (n=66), B (n=44), M (n=77) and N (n=38); | The patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate for BPH | PC had no significant association with LUTS |
| Yang et al. (30) (in 2013) | TRUS | Prospective cohort study | IPSS, Qmax, PV, QoL, storage score, voiding score | Mild PC (n=258); moderate/marked PC (n=109); no PC (n=237) | The patients aged 40 years or older who voluntarily underwent transrectal prostate ultrasound and fulfilled IPSS | PC had negative impact on LUTS; moderate/marked PC were an independent risk factor for moderate to severe LUTS |
| Han et al. (31) (in 2015) | TRUS | Retrospective cohort study | IPSS, Qmax, PV, the storage symptom score | No PC (n=270); small PC (n=246); large PC (n=514) | Patients with complete data and without comorbidities affecting voiding function | PUC is associated with Qmax and urinary symptoms |
| Kuei et al. (32) (in 2016) | TRUS | Prospective cohort study | IPSS, Qmax, PVR | PC (n=48); No PC (n=64) | Patients over 40 years old with IPSS ≥8 | PC are adverse to alpha-blocker treatment for BPH-induced LUTS |
| Han et al. (33) (in 2017) | TRUS | Case-case study | OABSS, IPSS, voiding symptoms, storage symptoms | Proximal-PUC (n=35); mid-PUC (n=63); distal-PUC (n=19) | First-vist patients with total prostate volume <30 mL and without comorbidities affecting voiding function | Mid-PUC could be a potential causal factor of LUTS, and the midportion of the prostatic urethra might play a pivotal role in the process of micturition |
| Park et al. (25) (in 2017) | TRUS | Retrospective cohort study | IPSS, QoL | No PC (n=142); PC (n=464) | The patiens who new incom? Urological outpatients presenting with LUTS and examined for health check-up at the Health Promotion Center | The presence of PC were not a significant factor predicting moderate/severe LUTS; however, an increased calculi burden may be associated with aggravating storage symptoms |
| Soric et al. (34) (in 2017) | TRUS | Prospective cohort study | IPSS, NIH-CPSI, PSA, cytokines interleukin, Qmax | No PC (n=35); PC (n=35) | The patiens, 21–49 years old, with prostate size up to 40 mL in volume with LUTS | PC may affect the severity of LUTS and the symptoms of chronic prostatitis |
| Sun et al. (16) (in 2018) | Not mentioned | Prospective cohort study | The mRNA and protein levels of clusterin, BMI, PV, PSA, IPSS | No PC (n=32); PC (n=47) | 47 patients prostatitis and BPH patients with stones and 32 patients prostatitis and BPH patients without stones |
Large PC were associated with LUTS; calcium oxalate leads to large PC |
BPH, benign prostate hyperplasia; BMI, body mass index; EPS, expressed prostatic secretion; IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score; LUTS, lower urinary tract symptoms; NIH-CPSI, National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index; OABSS, overactive bladder symptom score; PC, prostatic calculi; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PUC, periurethral calcification; PV, prostate volume; PVR, postvoiding residual urine; Qmax, maximum flow rates; QoL, quality of life; TRUS, transrectal ultrasound; VB3, urine sample after prostatic massage; WBC, white blood cell.