Table 1.
Characteristics of 57 Studies Included in a Systematic Review of Articles Reporting on the Prevalence and Correlates of the Receipt and Provision of Assistance With Initiation of Drug Injection
| Characteristic | Total | Studies on Receipt of IIA | Studies on Provision of IIA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies (n = 57) | % | No. of Studies (n = 40) | % | No. of Studies (n = 24) | % | |
| Country | ||||||
| United States | 20 | 35.1 | 14 | 35.0 | 8 | 33.3 |
| Australia | 7 | 12.3 | 6 | 15.0 | 3 | 12.5 |
| Canada | 7 | 12.3 | 5 | 12.5 | 3 | 12.5 |
| France | 3 | 5.3 | 3 | 7.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
| United Kingdom | 3 | 5.3 | 2 | 5.0 | 1 | 4.2 |
| Brazil | 2 | 3.5 | 2 | 5.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Mexico | 2 | 3.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 8.3 |
| Spain | 2 | 3.5 | 2 | 5.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Colombia | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Estonia | 1 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 4.2 |
| India | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 4.2 |
| Iran | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 4.2 |
| Ireland | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Vietnam | 1 | 1.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Multiple countries | 5 | 8.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 4 | 16.7 |
| Study design | ||||||
| Cross-sectional study | 51 | 89.5 | 38 | 95.0 | 20 | 83.3 |
| Intervention study (nonrandomized) | 3 | 5.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 12.5 |
| Cohort study | 3 | 5.3 | 2 | 5.0 | 1 | 4.2 |
| Sampling approach | ||||||
| Community-based convenience sampling | 34 | 59.6 | 22 | 55.0 | 13 | 54.2 |
| Respondent-driven sampling | 5 | 8.8 | 3 | 7.5 | 4 | 16.7 |
| Venue-based convenience sampling | 8 | 14.0 | 8 | 20.0 | 2 | 8.3 |
| Other type or multiple types of samplinga | 10 | 17.5 | 7 | 17.5 | 5 | 20.8 |
| Study quality rating | ||||||
| Good | 9 | 15.8 | 7 | 17.5 | 3 | 12.5 |
| Fair | 41 | 71.9 | 27 | 67.5 | 19 | 79.2 |
| Poor | 7 | 12.3 | 6 | 15.0 | 2 | 8.3 |
| Outcome(s) | ||||||
| Both prevalence and correlates | 39 | 68.4 | 28 | 70.0 | 13 | 54.2 |
| Prevalence only | 13 | 22.8 | 11 | 27.5 | 6 | 25.0 |
| Correlates only | 5 | 8.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 5 | 20.8 |
| Assistance referent group for correlates | ||||||
| Not assisted | 35 | 61.4 | 20 | 50.0 | 18 | 75.0 |
| Not assisted + subset of assisted individuals | 6 | 10.5 | 6 | 15.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Both | 3 | 5.3 | 3 | 7.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Not applicable (assessed prevalence only) | 13 | 22.8 | 11 | 27.5 | 6 | 25.0 |
| Classification of correlates in Rhodes’ risk environmentsb | ||||||
| Economic environment | 5 | 13.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 27.8 |
| Physical environment | 12 | 31.6 | 2 | 8.7 | 11 | 61.1 |
| Policy environment | 2 | 5.3 | 1 | 4.3 | 1 | 5.6 |
| Social environment | 30 | 78.9 | 14 | 60.9 | 17 | 94.4 |
| Substance use behaviors | 17 | 44.7 | 4 | 17.4 | 13 | 72.2 |
| Health-related factors | 8 | 21.1 | 5 | 21.7 | 3 | 16.7 |
Abbreviation: IIA, injection initiation assistance.
a Of 9 studies that used multiple methods, all used at least 1 convenience sampling technique. One study (60) used a capture-recapture sampling method, which is listed as “other.”
b One study could assess multiple correlates. Studies that assessed prevalence outcomes only or that compared correlates by assistance group, where the referent category was something other than “not assisted,” were excluded from percent calculations.