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. 2021 Feb 25;11:621098. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621098

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Copyright © 2021 Akiyama, Ohtsuki, Berry, Liang, Goronzy and Weyand

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Giant Cell Arteritis in the Aorta. Biopsy sample from surgically removed aortic wall of a patient undergoing emergency aortic repair. (A, B) Hematoxylin and eosin staining showing typical granulomatous inflammation with rings of predominantly lymphocytes and macrophages around necrotic medial tissue (A x60; B x200). (C) CD3⁺ T cells form a collarette of inflammation enclosing the necrotic aortic wall (x100). (D) CD68⁺ histiocytes palisade at the edge of the damaged tissue (x200). (E) CD4⁺ T cells are the dominant T cell subset within the granulomatous infiltrates (x100). (F) Infrequent CD8⁺ T cells in the aortic wall (x100).