Table 2.

Potential therapeutic targets in giant cell arteritis.

Targets	Pathogenic role in vessel wall inflammation	Drugs
mTOR signaling	T cell proliferation and survival; Metabolic control of T cell effector differentiation and of T cell functions;	Rapamycin
VEGF signaling	Endothelial cell homeostasis; Maintenance of vasa vasora; Pathogenic wall vascularization; Induction of co-stimulatory ligands (Jagged1);	Bevacizumab
NOTCH signaling	T cell fate decisions; T cell co-stimulation; T cell clonal expansion and survival; T cell tissue invasion; Trafficking of intracellular vesicles;	DAPT
JAK-STAT signaling	Type I and type II IFN-dependent responses;	Tofacitinib Baricitinib
CD28-AKT signaling	Uncontrolled co-stimulation; Metabolic programming of effector T cells;	Abatacept Anti-CD28
PD-1/PD-L1 signaling	Deficient co-inhibition; Failure of negative signaling; Inappropriate T cell expansion, survival and effector functions;	PD-L1 Fc PD1 agonists
MMP-9 production	Destruction of the arterial wall tissue barrier; Structural damage to the vessel wall;	MMP-9 blockade