TABLE 1.
Biological activities of 3-drugs-3-formulas.
| Formulas | Inflammation | Innate Immunity | Anti-Oxidation | Fibrosis | Anti-Viral | Anti-Bacteria | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNFα | IL6 | IFNγ | COX2 | iNOS | GRE | TLR2 | TLR4 | NRF2 | TGFβ | Direct antiviral | Type III protein secretion | |
| Jinhua Qinggan Granule (JQG) | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↑↑↑ | ↓↑↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑↑↑ (Zhang et al., (2020)) | ↓↓ |
| Lianhua Qingwen Capsule (LQC) | ↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↑↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↓ | ↑↑↑↑ (Zhang et al., (2020)) | ↓↓↓↓ |
| Xuanfeibaidu Decoction (XD) | DK3 | ↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓ | ↑↑↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑↑↑ | ↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑ (Zhang et al., (2020)) | ↓ |
| Huashibaidu decoction (HD) | ↓ | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑(↓↑) | ↑ | ↓ | ↑↑↑ (Zhang et al., (2020)) | ↓ |
| Lung Cleanshing and Detoxifying Decoction (LCDD) | ↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | ↓↓↓↑ | ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↓ | ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↓ | ↑ | ↓↓ | ↑↑↑↑↑ (Zhang et al., (2020)) | ↓ |
| Xuebijing Injection (XI) | ↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↓↓↓ | ↓↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑(↑↓)↓ | DK1 | ↓↓ | DK2 | ↓ |
Not all herbs of formulas were examined. The direction of arrows (↑or ↓) in the table represents known ↑ stimulation or ↓ inhibition activity; each arrow represents an herb that has this activity (for example ↓↓↓, represents three (3) herbs having inhibition activity on a given target, whereas ↓↓↓↓↓ represents five (5) herbs having inhibition activity). (↑↓) represents an herb in the formula have biphasic activity, DK1: indicates negative results when 5 herbs of XI were examined in NRF2 luciferase assay , DK2: indicates negative results when 5 herbs of XI were examined against COVID-19 (Zhang et al., 2020), DK3: indicates negative results when 11 out of 13 herbs in XD were examined in TNFα-NFκB luciferase assay and 2 out of 13 herbs have not yet been examined in our lab. Direct antiviral was done by others (Zhang et al., 2020). COX-2 and iNOS are enzymatic reactions. Gram (-) bacteria Type III protein secretion results were published (Tsou et al., 2016). Methods to determine effects of herbs on luciferase activity of reporter cells induced by their corresponding ligands: TNFα- NFκB, IL6-STAT3, IFNγ-STAT1, TGFβ-SMAD2/3, LPS-TLR4- NFκB, PGN-TLR2- NFκB, or COX2/iNOS activities were shown in previous reports (Lam et al., 2018; Lam et al., 2010).