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Scheme represents cryopreservation damages in the sperm cell, whereas an excess induction of oxidative stress in resulting ROS production can deteriorate the sperm plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane and eventually alter the molecular structure (DNA). ROS, Reactive oxygen species; H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide; •, Superoxide radical; NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ONOO−, Peroxy nitrate, NO; Nitric oxide.
