Figure 7.

Involvement of TNF-α and IL-1β pathways in pathophysiological changes in a two-hit rEIII + autoantibody model. Experimental outline (A) and changes in mouse platelet counts (B), severity of hemorrhagic lesions (C–D), expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (E), anticoagulant protein C and antithrombin III (F), and soluble thrombomodulin (G) are shown. Treatments with IL-1 inhibitor IL-1RA and TNF-α inhibitor etanercept (B–G) reduced hemorrhage and inflammation in the wild-type mice (n = 6). Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 indicate significant mitigation of pathophysiological presentations compared with that in the EIII + α-CD41 and EIII + α-NS1 groups. The mouse drawing in this figure was originally published in Huang et al. (18).