Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of the 1-year cohort.
| All patients (n = 2,191) | Males (n = 1,637) | Females (n = 554) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics, vitals, and key electrophysiological characteristics | ||||
| Age, years* | 68 (61–74) | 68 (60–74) | 69 (63–75) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg (1,423) | 80 (70–91) | 84 (75–95) | 70 (60–80) | <0.001 |
| Height, cm (1,413) | 172 (165–177) | 175 (170–179) | 162 (157–167) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (1,413)* | 27.4 (24.5–30.7) | 27.6 (24.8–30.8) | 26.7 (23.4–30.5) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg (807) | 125 (111–136) | 125 (111–136) | 124 (110–136) | 0.403 |
| DBP, mmHg (807) | 73 (65–80) | 74 (65–80) | 71 (64–80) | 0.089 |
| NYHA III/IV (1,803)* | 1,043 (57.8) | 781 (57.9) | 262 (57.7) | 0.945 |
| CRT-D* | 1,239 (56.5) | 1,005 (61.4) | 234 (42.2) | <0.001 |
| QRS duration, ms (754) | 160 (140–180) | 160 (140–180) | 160 (140–170) | 0.068 |
| QRS morphology, LBBB* | 1,572 (71.7) | 1,127 (68.8) | 445 (80.3) | <0.001 |
| LV lead position (1,890)* | ||||
| Anterior | 84 (4.4) | 62 (4.4) | 22 (4.7) | |
| Lateral | 1,227 (64.9) | 932 (65.7) | 295 (62.5) | |
| Posterior | 579 (30.6) | 424 (25.9) | 155 (32.8) | 0.442 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Ischemic etiology of HF* | 1,104 (50.4) | 902 (55.1) | 202 (36.5) | <0.001 |
| History of MI | 868 (39.6) | 713 (43.6) | 155 (28.0) | <0.001 |
| HF duration >18 months* | 680 (31.0) | 519 (31.7) | 161 (29.1) | 0.245 |
| History of or current AF* | ||||
| No AF | 1,394 (63.6) | 998 (61.0) | 396 (71.5) | |
| Paroxysmal | 342 (15.6) | 257 (15.7) | 85 (15.3) | |
| Persistent | 59 (2.7) | 51 (3.1) | 8 (1.4) | |
| Permanent | 396 (18.1) | 331 (20.2) | 65 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Valvular heart disease* | 135 (6.2) | 99 (6.0) | 36 (6.5) | 0.780 |
| Hypertension* | 1,618 (73.8) | 1,216 (74.3) | 402 (72.6) | 0.459 |
| Diabetes mellitus* | 813 (37.1) | 624 (38.1) | 189 (34.1) | 0.092 |
| COPD* | 325 (14.8) | 239 (14.6) | 86 (15.5) | 0.597 |
| Current smoker* | 131 (6.0) | 103 (6.3) | 28 (5.1) | 0.288 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L (1,440)* | 136 (123–148) | 139 (126–150) | 130 (120–140) | <0.001 |
| Serum sodium, mmol/L (1,374)* | 138 (136–141) | 138 (136–140) | 139 (136–141) | 0.019 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (956) | 4.1 (3.4–5.1) | 4.0 (3.3–4.9) | 4.7 (3.6–5.5) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L (1,473)* | 101 (82–131) | 105 (87–134) | 86 (71–112) | <0.001 |
| Urea, mmol/L (1,445) | 8.3 (6.4–11.7) | 8.6 (6.6–11.8) | 7.5 (6.0–10.9) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L (766) | 405 (322–492) | 412 (330–494) | 383 (307–474) | 0.020 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (309) | 2,640 (1,262–3,699) | 2,490 (1,367–3,473) | 2,680 (1,250–3,710) | 0.938 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LV ejection fraction, % (1,610)* | 28 (24–32) | 28 (23–32) | 28 (25–33) | 0.046 |
| LVEDD, mL (1,610)* | 64 (58–70) | 65 (59–71) | 61 (55–66) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE-I/ARB* | 2,014 (91.9) | 1,509 (92.2) | 505 (91.2) | 0.499 |
| Beta-blocker* | 1,951 (89.0) | 1,457 (89.0) | 494 (89.2) | 0.914 |
| Ca-channel blocker* | 127 (5.8) | 99 (6.0) | 28 (5.1) | 0.387 |
| Loop diuretics* | 1,757 (80.2) | 1,315 (80.3) | 442 (79.8) | 0.780 |
| Thiazide diuretics* | 516 (23.6) | 402 (24.6) | 114 (20.6) | 0.056 |
| MRA* | 1,497 (68.3) | 1,115 (68.1) | 382 (69.0) | 0.713 |
| Digitalis* | 464 (21.2) | 359 (21.9) | 105 (19.0) | 0.138 |
| Amiodarone* | 593 (27.1) | 466 (28.5) | 127 (22.9) | 0.011 |
| Statin* | 1,314 (60.0) | 995 (60.8) | 319 (57.6) | 0.184 |
| Allopurinol* | 591 (27.0) | 475 (29.0) | 116 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 729 (33.3) | 598 (36.5) | 131 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| 1-year all-cause mortality | 252 (11.5) | 203 (12.4) | 49 (8.8) | 0.028 |
Features included in the machine learning models.
The value (in parenthesis) after a feature's name indicates the number of patients with available data. If there is no value reported, the given feature was available for all patients.
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range), categorical variables as n (%). The comparison between males and females was performed using unpaired Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate.
ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; MI, myocardial infarction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class; SBP, systolic blood pressure.