Table 3.
Summary of studies that measured total energy expenditure
| Authors, year | Country | Sample characteristicsa | When was TEE measured? | How was TEE measured? | Change in TEEb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abeysekara et al (2016)26 | Australia |
Sample size: 26 Age (mean): 29.9 y (SD 4.0) Prepregnancy BMI (mean): 25.4 kg/m2 (SD 4.3) Ethnicity: 58% Caucasian, 31% Asian, 12% other |
Three timepoints: early (12–14 wk), mid- (24–26 wk), and late (34–36 wk) pregnancy | Accelerometer (Sensewear Armband) worn for 24 h |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) 12–14 wk: 2276 24–26 wk: 2451 34–36 wk: 2455 Change (%) 12–14 to 24–26 wk: 7.6; NS 12–14 to 34–36 wk: 7.9; P =0.003 24–26 to 34–36 wk: 0.2; NS |
| Butte et al (2004)47 | USA |
Sample size: 63 (17 UW, 34 NW, and 12 OW) Age (mean) UW, 30.8 y (SD 3.9); NW, 30.3 y (SD 4.3); OW, 31.2 y (SD 4.5) Prepregnancy BMI (mean) UW, 18.9 kg/m2 (SD 0.8); NW, 22.1 kg/m2 (SD 1.5); OW, 28.8 kg/m2 (SD 2.6) Ethnicity: 78% Caucasian, 9.5% African American, 9.5% Hispanic, 3% Asian |
Five timepoints: pre, early (9 wk), mid- (22 wk), and late (36 wk)pregnancy and postpartum (27 wk after delivery) | REE with metabolic chamber and TEE with doubly labeled water |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) UW – NW – OW Pre: 2348 – 2434 – 2940 22 wk: 2272 – 2520 – 2887 36 wk: 2439 – 2693 – 3020 Change in TEE (%) UW – NW – OW Pre to 22 wk: −3.2 to 3.5 to −1.8 Pre to 36 wk: 3.9 – 10.6 – 2.7 22–36 wk: 7.4 – 6.9 – 4.6; overall P =0.02 |
| de Groot et al (1994)6 | Netherlands |
Sample size: 10 Age (mean): 28.4 y (SD 2.5) Prepregnancy BMI (mean): 21.3 kg/m2 (SD 3.0) Ethnicity: all women were Caucasian |
Four timepoints: pre, early (12 wk), mid- (23 wk), and late (34 wk) pregnancy | Metabolic chamber |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) Pre: 2065 12 wk: 2089 23 wk: 2172 34 wk: 2378 Change (%) Pre to 12 wk: 1.2; NS Pre to 23 wk: 5.2; P < 0.05 Pre to 34 wk: 15.2; P < 0.05 12–23 wk: 4.0; NS 12–34 wk: 13.8; P < 0.05 23–34 wk: 9.5; P < 0.05 |
| Forsum et al (1992)8 | Sweden |
Sample size: 22 Age (mean): 29.0 y (SD 4.0) Prepregnancy BMI (mean): 22.3 kg/m2 (SD 3.1) Ethnicity: not reported |
Three timepoints: pre, early (16–18 wk), and late (30 wk) pregnancy | Doubly labeled water |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) Pre: 2488 16–18 wk: 2297 30 wk: 2990 Change in TEE (%) Pre to 16–18 wk: −7.7; NS Pre to 30 wk: 20.2; P < 0.05 16–18 to 30 wk: 30.2; P not reported |
| Goldberg et al (1993)11 | England |
Sample size: 12 Age (mean): 28.8 y (SD 3.3) Prepregnancy BMI (mean): 23.0 kg/m2 (SD 3.3) Ethnicity: all women were Caucasian |
Four timepoints: early (12 wk), mid- (18 and 24 wk), and late (30 wk) pregnancyc | Doubly labeled water |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) 12 wk: 2430 24 wk: 2625 30 wk: 2679 Change in TEE (%) 12–24 wk: 8.0;P not reported 12–30 wk: 10.2; P not reported 24–30 wk: 2.1; P not reported |
| Kopp-Hoolihan et al (1999)12 | USA |
Sample size: 10 Age (mean): 29.1 y (SD 5.0, range) Prepregnancy BMI (mean): 23.1 kg/m2 (SD 2.1) Ethnicity: all women were Caucasian |
Five timepoints: pre, early (8–10 wk), mid- (24–26 wk), and late (34–36 wk) pregnancy and 4–6 wk postpartum | Doubly labeled water |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) Pre: 2208 8–10 wk: 2050 24–26 wk: 2414 34–36 wk: 2732 Change in TEE (%) Pre to 8–10 wk: −7.2 Pre to 24–26 wk: 9.3 Pre to 34–36 wk: 23.7 8–10 to 24–26 wk: 17.8 8–10 to 34–36 wk: 33.3 24–26 to 34–36 wk: 13.2; P not reported |
| Most et al (2019)4 | USA |
Sample size: 54 (10 INA, 8 REC, and 36 EXS) Age (mean) INA, 29.2 y (SD 1.3); REC, 25.0 y (SD 1.7); EXS, 27.7 y (SD 0.8) Prepregnancy BMI: all women were obese at 15 wk Ethnicity: 52% Caucasian, 41% African American, 7% other |
Two timepoints: early (13–16 wk) and late (35–37 wk) pregnancy | Doubly labeled water |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) INA – REC – EXS 13–16 wk: 2719 – 2664 – 2563 35–37 wk: 2966 – 2984 – 2882 Change in TEE (%) INA – REC – EXS 9.1 – 12.0 – 12.4; P not reported |
| Poppitt et al (1993)62 | Gambia |
Sample size: 9 Age (mean): 26.2 y (SD 7.1) Prepregnancy BMI (mean): 21.4 kg/m2 (SD 2.1) Ethnicity: all women were African |
Five timepoints: pre, mid- (18, 24 wk), and late (30, 36 wk) pregnancyd | Metabolic chamber |
Mean TEE (kcal/d) Pre: 1533 36 wk: 1612 (Other TEE timepoints not reported) Change in TEE (%) Pre to 36 wk: 5.2; P =0.64 |
Sample size and characteristics refer to the pregnant women (with no medical condition) for which all data was available.
For studies with more than one REE/TEE measurement by pregnancy or prenatal period, only one measurement by period is presented, in order to lighten the table.
Only the presented timepoints included all 12 pregnant women.11
Only the preconception and 36-week value were presented in the paper and included all women.62
Abbreviations: EXS, excessive gestational weight gain; INA, inadequate gestational weight gain; NS, not significant; NW, normal weight; OW, overweight; pre, preconception; REC, recommended gestational weight gain; REE, resting energy expenditure; SD, standard deviation; TEE, total energy expenditure; UW, underweight.