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. 2020 Dec 1;38(3):1060–1074. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa274

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Inflammatory implantation is an ancestral eutherian character. (A) Immunohistochemistry for inflammation marker genes IL1B, PTGS2, and PTGES at the fetal–maternal interface in armadillo (peri-implantation stage) and hyrax (peri-implantation stage). Nuclei are blue due to hematoxylin counterstaining and the immunostaining signal is brown due to 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). GE, glandular epithelium; LE, luminal epithelium; St, stroma; Tr, trophoblast; BV, blood vessel; En, endothelium. (B) Abundance of mRNA transcripts (TPM = Transcripts per Million) of key inflammatory genes in armadillo uterus in nonpregnant and peri-implantation stage. Armadillo has two orthologs of IL6, ENSDNOG00000017107 and ENSDNOG00000023693, of which the former is shown here; the latter is not expressed. (C) Enriched GO categories among the genes that are upregulated at least 10-fold in armadillo uterus in transition from nonpregnant to peri-implantation stage. GO categories are clustered by semantic similarity. GO categories closer to each other are semantically similar; those represented by red circles are more significantly enriched than those in blue. (D) Comparison of expression of inflammatory genes during embryo attachment or implantation in therian mammals. Data for human: cytokines (reviewed by Van Sinderen et al. [2013]), PTGS2 (Marions and Danielsson 1999), and PTGES (Milne et al. 2001). Data for sheep, horse, pig, dog, and mouse (reviewed by Chavan et al. [2017]).