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. 2021 Feb 25;12:642392. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642392

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Mechanisms of the M2 polarization of decidual macrophages by trophoblasts. Tros express chemokine CXCL16, extracellular matrix HA, cytokines (RANKL, IL-6, IL-10, M-CSF, and IL-34), and checkpoint ligands PD-L1 and sPD-L1, which act on macrophages to promote them to polarize toward M2 phenotype via different signal pathways. Tros, trohoblasts; CXCL16, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16; RANKL, receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B ligand; HA, hyaluronic acid; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophages colony stimulating factor; sPD-L1, soluble programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; sHLA-G, soluble human leukocyte antigen G; CXCR6, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6; RANK, receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription.