Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with DM, NPDR, and PDR
| Characteristicsa | DM (n = 115) | NPDR (n = 47) | PDR (n = 76) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MicroRNA-15b (log-transformed) | 2.90 ± 1.16 | 2.20 ± 1.29 | 2.20 ± 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 54.35 ± 11.54 | 59.13 ± 9.56 | 52.47 ± 10.38 | 0.004 |
| Male/female (n/n) | 70/49 | 30/17 | 32/44 | 0.027 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.30 ± 7.48 | 23.92 ± 3.08 | 24.28 ± 3.06 | 0.042 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 1.01 ± 0.90 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.576 |
| Diabetes durations (years) | 5.0 (2.0-9.0) | 10.0 (6.0-15.0) | 10.0 (4.0-15.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 58 (48.74) | 28 (59.57) | 52 (68.42) | 0.024 |
| Hypertension durations (years) | 0 (0.00-7.5) | 0.3 (0-3.0) | 0.75 (0-4.0) | 0.781 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 45 (37.8) | 15 (31.9) | 27 (35.5) | 0.772 |
| Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 29 (24.4) | 15 (31.9) | 16 (21.1) | 0.395 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.83 ± 16.18 | 138.00 ± 15.91 | 136.71 ± 21.00 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.01 ± 12.18 | 85.32 ± 14.14 | 85.00 ± 13.55 | 0.050 |
| Insulin usage, n (%) | 84 (70.59) | 44 (93.62) | 70 (92.11) | <0.001 |
| Oral drug usage, n (%) | 80 (67.23) | 22 (46.81) | 31 (40.79) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 9.21 (6.43-12.21) | 8.67 (6.89-11.50) | 9.37 (7.51-11.69) | 0.459 |
| HbA1c | 8.60 (7.05-11.20) | 9.80 (8.00-11.40) | 9.40 (8.28-11.70) | 0.051 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.87 (4.19-5.35) | 4.96 (3.84-6.01) | 5.05 (4.37-6.07) | 0.209 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.97 (1.34-3.33) | 1.67 (1.06-2.63) | 2.25 (1.31-3.56) | 0.085 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.08 (0.89-1.21) | 1.03 (0.84-1.25) | 1.02 (0.88-1.14) | 0.365 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.85 (2.23-3.29) | 2.75 (2.21-3.43) | 2.83 (2.21-3.34) | 0.977 |
| Apoa (g/L) | 1.16 (1.10-1.33) | 1.11 (1.02-1.30) | 1.17 (1.05-1.27) | 0.202 |
| Apob (g/L) | 0.89 (0.75-1.01) | 0.86 (0.70-1.04) | 0.96 (0.79-1.12) | 0.045 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.77 (3.90-5.88) | 5.75 (4.41-6.54) | 5.65 (4.22-7.12) | 0.003 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 323.0 (280.5-399.0) | 328.0 (263.0-378.5) | 358.0 (296.0-410.5) | 0.151 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 64.0 (56.0-74.5) | 68.0(52.0-91.0) | 71.0 (54.0-99.0) | 0.074 |
| VEGF level (pg/mL) | 47.00 (46.70-47.45) | 65.61 (58.70-71.52) | 68.15 (58.51-72.97) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: Apoa, apolipoprotein A; Apob, apolipoprotein B; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic neuropathy; RNA, ribonucleic acid; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
a Continuous variables were expressed as the means ± standard deviation or medians (interquartile range) as appropriate.