Table 1. General Characteristics of Participants According to the Kellgren-Lawrence Grade.
| Kellgren-Lawrence grade | 0 (n = 1,531) | 1 (n = 1,054) | 2 (n = 594) | 3 (n = 732) | 4 (n = 401) | Total (n = 4,311) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
| Weighted no, of participants | 7,600,956 | 4,788,482 | 2,407,090 | 3,237,667 | 1,671,878 | 19,706,073 | ||
| Age (yr) | 59.5 ± 7.8 | 64.4 ± 8.8 | 66.5 ± 8.9 | 68.4 ± 8.7 | 71.7 ± 8.1 | 64.1 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 51.6 | 57.7 | 53.6 | 25.1 | 16.7 | 46.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 23.8 ± 3.1 | 24.3 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Serum | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 14.1 ± 1.4 | 13.6 ± 1.3 | 13.2 ± 1.4 | 13.9 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| White blood cell (103/mm3) | 6.06 ± 1.72 | 6.16 ± 1.74 | 6.18 ± 1.81 | 6.15 ± 1.66 | 6.22 ± 1.78 | 6.13 ± 1.73 | 0.424 | - |
| Platelet (103/mm3) | 248.2 ± 58.7 | 247.2 ± 59.6 | 243.5 ± 61.8 | 258.6 ± 61.6 | 263.1 ± 65.4 | 250.3 ± 60.7 | < 0.001 | 0.418 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.9 ± 36.7 | 191.4 ± 35.9 | 194.5 ± 39.8 | 195.4 ± 36.3 | 199.4 ± 41.9 | 194.8 ± 37.4 | 0.005 | 0.431 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 18.8 ± 6.4 | 19.1 ± 6.7 | 19.6 ± 6.7 | 19.3 ± 7.2 | 18.4 ± 7.3 | 18.7 ± 7.0 | 0.094 | - |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 243 ± 74 | 249 ± 77 | 249 ± 72 | 256 ± 75 | 263 ± 81 | 249 ± 75 | 0.100 | - |
| Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 67.4 ± 6.4 | 67.9 ± 26.6 | 67.7 ± 27.7 | 68.5 ± 26.2 | 76.0 ± 36.0 | 68.3 ± 30.1 | 0.032 | 0.312 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | < 0.001 | 0.234 | ||||||
| None | 31.4 | 33.4 | 37.4 | 49.0 | 59.8 | 37.9 | ||
| Mild to moderate | 62.0 | 58.8 | 56.7 | 47.3 | 38.0 | 56.1 | ||
| Heavy (daily) | 6.6 | 7.8 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 2.3 | 6.0 | ||
| Current smoker (%) | 24.2 | 22.8 | 17.9 | 10.2 | 7.9 | 19.4 | < 0.001 | 0.477 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 90.7 | 89.1 | 88.7 | 87.9 | 87.2 | 89.3 | 0.420 | - |
| Hypertension (%) | 31.6 | 35.5 | 41.1 | 46.7 | 66.6 | 39.1 | < 0.001 | 0.578 |
| Asthma (%) | 4.8 | 5.7 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 0.075 | - |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 20.3 | 18.9 | 20.8 | 24.6 | 26.8 | 21.3 | 0.006 | 0.685 |
| Diabetes (%) | 12.3 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 21.6 | 14.3 | 0.003 | 0.209 |
| T-score | ||||||||
| Total femur | –0.46 ± 0.98 | –0.34 ± 1.04 | –0.22 ± 1.08 | –0.49 ± 1.05 | –0.73 ± 1.13 | –0.51 ± 1.05 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Lumbar spine | –1.22 ± 1.26 | –1.08 ± 1.43 | –0.89 ± 1.46 | –1.33 ± 1.38 | –1.74 ± 1.75 | –1.35 ± 1.38 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.