Table 1.
Impact of sleep restriction and circadian misalignment on energy intake, ghrelin, and leptin concentrations relative to sufficient sleep and circadian alignment.
| Study | Subjects | Sleep | Energy intake | Leptin | Ghrelin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep Restriction | |||||
| Hart et al.[10] | 12 females, overweight to obese | 5 h TIB; 9 h TIB (2 nights) | Not different | Not different (fasting) | Not different (fasting) |
| Tajiri et al.[13] | 16 females, normal weight | 4 h TIB; 7 h TIB (3 nights) | Not different | Not different (fasting) | (Not measured) |
| Markwald et al.[9] | 8 males and 8 females, normal weight | 5 h TIB; 9 h TIB (5 nights) | Increased by ~ 182 kcal/d | Not different (24-h) | Not different (24-h) |
| Hanlon et al.[12] | 11 males and 3 females, normal weight | 4.5 h TIB; 8.5 h TIB (4 nights) | Increased by 101 kcal; significant increase from snacks (381 kcal) but not meals | Blunted amplitude (24-h) | Not different (24-h) |
| Broussard et al.[11] | 19 males, normal weight | 4.5 h TIB; 8.5 h TIB (4 nights) | Increased by 340 kcal | Not different (24-h) | Increased mean (24-h) levels |
| Circadian Misalignment | |||||
| St-Onge et al.[15] | 6 males and females, overweight to obese | Normal sleep (0000–0800) vs late sleep (0330–1130); normal meals vs late meals (3.5 h delay) | Increased energy intake during normal sleep × late meal condition | Higher overnight concentrations in normal meal conditions | Lower overnight and higher postprandial concentrations in normal sleep × normal meal condition |
| Qian et al.[14] | 14 males and females, normal weight to overweight | CM (12 h shifted behavioral cycle) vs circadian alignment | Controlled; increased craving for energy dense and savory foods in men and reduced fullness in women | Increased wake and sleep concentrations in men and decreased wake and 24-h concentrations in women during CM | No changes in men and increased waking concentrations in women during CM |
| Cakan et al.[17] | 60 females, weight not reported | Whole night (1600–0800 h), half-night (1600–2400 h), or day (0800–1600 h) shift workers | (Not measured); all groups consumed foods rich in carbohydrates and sugar | Higher in women working whole or half-night shift (single sample) | (Not measured) |