TABLE 3.
Associations of poor taste and smell with energy and macronutrient intake1
| Energy intake, kcal/d | Carbohydrate intake, En% | Protein intake, En% | Fatty acid intake, En% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P value2 | β (95% CI) | P value2 | β (95% CI) | P value2 | β (95% CI) | P value2 | |
| Poor total taste score3 | 34.32 (−153.59, 222.23) | 1.00 | 1.52 (−0.93, 3.97) | 1.00 | 0.14 (−0.70, 0.98) | 1.00 | −1.72 (−3.86, 0.42) | 0.77 |
| Poor total taste score (no umami) | 7.00 (−196.30, 210.30) | 1.00 | 1.54 (−1.11, 4.19) | 1.00 | 0.12 (−0.79, 1.03) | 1.00 | −1.19 (−3.50, 1.13) | 1.00 |
| Poor sweet score | 23.28 (−125.03, 171.58) | 1.00 | −0.47 (−2.40, 1.47) | 1.00 | −0.61 (−1.27, 0.05) | 0.49 | 0.78 (−0.91, 2.47) | 1.00 |
| Poor sour score | 94.52 (−19.44, 208.48) | 0.70 | 0.83 (−0.67, 2.32) | 1.00 | 0.32 (−0.19, 0.83) | 1.00 | −1.21 (−2.51, 0.09) | 0.49 |
| Poor salty score | −96.97 (−206.79, 12.84) | 0.56 | 0.63 (−0.81, 2.06) | 1.00 | 0.08 (−0.42, 0.57) | 1.00 | −0.57 (−1.83, 0.69) | 1.00 |
| Poor bitter score | −97.81 (−301.16, 105.54) | 1.00 | 3.39 (0.75, 6.02) | 0.07 | 0.57 (−0.34, 1.48) | 1.00 | −3.45 (−5.76, −1.17) | 0.02 |
| Poor umami score | −99.02 (−214.55, 16.52) | 0.63 | −0.91 (−2.42, 0.60) | 1.00 | 0.38 (−0.14, 0.90) | 1.00 | 0.26 (−1.07, 1.58) | 1.00 |
| Self-reported poor taste | −251.40 (−578.77, 75.97) | 0.13 | −0.36 (−4.64, 3.92) | 0.87 | −1.71 (−3.16, −0.26) | 0.02 | 3.89 (0.17, 7.61) | 0.04 |
| Poor smell identification score4 | 23.82 (−116.68, 164.31) | 1.00 | 1.37 (−0.46, 3.20) | 0.56 | −0.70 (−1.32, −0.08) | 0.12 | 0.51 (−1.09, 2.10) | 1.00 |
| Poor TDI score | 187.52 (−48.21, 423.25) | 0.48 | 0.18 (−2.81, 3.16) | 1.00 | −0.34 (−1.44, 0.76) | 1.00 | 0.55 (−2.32, 3.43) | 1.00 |
| Poor smell threshold score | −60.00 (−259.87, 139.87) | 1.00 | 0.95 (−1.61, 3.50) | 1.00 | −0.65 (−1.58, 0.28) | 0.68 | −0.58 (−2.99, 1.83) | 1.00 |
| Poor smell discrimination score | 85.49 (−120.30, 291.29) | 1.00 | −0.41 (−3.00, 2.18) | 1.00 | −0.47 (−1.43, 0.48) | 1.00 | 0.19 (−2.31, 2.69) | 1.00 |
| Self-reported poor smell | −79.50 (−307.09, 148.09) | 0.49 | −0.02 (−2.99, 2.95) | 0.99 | −0.81 (−1.82, 0.20) | 0.12 | 1.05 (−1.54, 3.64) | 0.43 |
Values are regression coefficients (β), 95% CIs, or P values. All models adjusted for age, sex, educational status, smoking status, medication, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score, and Mini Mental State Examination score. En%, percentage energy intake; TDI, threshold-discrimination-identification.
P values for the individual taste and smell scores are adjusted according to Bonferroni correction; P values for self-reported taste and smell are unadjusted.
Poor taste: total taste score <6, total taste score (umami excluded) <5, sweet score <2, sour score <2, salty score <2, bitter score <1, or umami score <1.
Poor smell: TDI score ≤19.5, T score ≤2.5, D score ≤7, or I score ≤9.