TABLE 4.
Association between sociodemographic factors and maternal capabilities in rural Zimbabwean women determined by stepwise multivariable regression
| High decision-making autonomy | Depression | Gender Norm Attitudes | Mothering Self-Efficacy | Perceived Health Status | Perceived Social Support | Perceived Time Stress | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3415 | n = 3682 | n = 3665 | n = 3619 | n = 3709 | n = 3543 | n = 3566 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | β ± SE | |
| Household size | 0.95 (0.90–0.98)** | 1.07 (1.02– 1.13)* | … | −0.01 ± 0.00* | … | … | … |
| Child dependency ratio | 1.15 (1.08–1.23)*** | … | … | 0.02 ± 0.01*** | −0.04 ± 0.01** | … | 0.04 ± 0.01*** |
| Maternal age, y | |||||||
| 15–18.9 | 0.60 (0.47–0.79)*** | … | −0.20 ± 0.03*** | −0.22 ± 0.02*** | … | … | −0.10 ± 0.04* |
| 19–24.9 | 0.77 (0.64–0.95)* | … | −0.09 ± 0.02*** | −0.08 ± 0.02*** | … | … | −0.09 ± 0.03** |
| 25–34.9 | Ref. | … | Ref. | Ref. | … | … | Ref. |
| ≥35 | 1.49 (1.16–1.92)** | … | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | … | … | 0.12 ± 0.04** |
| Education, y | |||||||
| ≤7 | 0.62 (0.51–0.75)*** | 1.49 (1.09–2.04)* | −0.19 ± 0.02*** | … | 0.08 ± 0.05 | −0.11 ± 0.03*** | 0.12 ± 0.04** |
| 8–10 | 0.78 (0.65–0.94)** | 1.42 (1.10–1.86)** | −0.08 ± 0.02*** | … | 0.06 ± 0.04 | −0.06 ± 0.02** | 0.05 ± 0.03 |
| ≥11 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | … | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Marital status | |||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.74 (0.53–1.01) | 0.58 (0.38–0.89)* | −0.14 ± 0.05** | 0.18 ± 0.04*** | −0.15 ± 0.08 | −0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.05** |
| Wealth status | |||||||
| Lowest | Ref. | … | … | Ref. | … | Ref. | … |
| Lower | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | … | … | 0.03 ± 0.02 | … | 0.06 ± 0.03* | … |
| Middle | 1.28 (0.99–1.67) | … | … | 0.06 ± 0.02** | … | 0.01 ± 0.03 | … |
| Higher | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | … | … | 0.06 ± 0.02** | … | 0.07 ± 0.03* | … |
| Highest | 1.41 (1.07–1.87)* | … | … | 0.07 ± 0.02** | … | 0.09 ± 0.03** | … |
| Food security status | |||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Middle | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 0.56 (0.40–0.78)*** | 0.11 ± 0.03*** | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.05** | 0.09 ± 0.03** | −0.19 ± 0.04*** |
| High | 1.32 (1.12–1.56)** | 0.36 (0.27–0.48)*** | 0.18 ± 0.02*** | 0.05 ± 0.02** | 0.34 ± 0.04*** | 0.22 ± 0.02*** | −0.29 ± 0.03*** |
| HIV status | |||||||
| Negative | … | Ref. | … | … | … | Ref. | Ref. |
| Positive | … | 1.72 (1.23–2.33)*** | … | … | … | −0.07 ± 0.02** | 0.08 ± 0.04* |
| Satisfied with village health worker | … | … | … | 0.24 ± 0.02*** | … | 0.17 ± 0.02*** | −0.06 ± 0.02** |
| Parity | … | 1.49 (1.21–1.73)* | −0.05 ± 0.02* | −0.05 ± 0.02* | … | −0.06 ± 0.03* | … |
Logistic regression was used for bivariate outcomes (decision-making autonomy and depression); linear regression was used for other outcomes. Forward stepwise procedures were used. Stronger maternal capabilities are not having depression and having low time stress; for all other capabilities, higher values represent stronger capability (more egalitarian gender norm attitudes; greater mothering self-efficacy; better physical health; and more social support). Cells with ellipses signify that the variable was not added to the model during the forward selection procedure. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.