TABLE 1.
Effect of diet on fecal and plasma amino acid and SCFA concentrations for “humanized” germ-free-SAMP mice fed AD or AD-soy-pea1
| % change vs. ''referent'' AD diet2 | Feces, ng/μg | Plasma, ng/μL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feces | Plasma | AD-soy-pea | AD | P 3 | AD-soy-pea | AD | P 3 | |
| Amino acids | ||||||||
| Alanine | ↓ 91.7% (−3.6) | ns | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 0.005 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 0.07 |
| Asparagine | ns | ns | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 0.59 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 0.30 |
| Aspartate | ns | ns | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.53 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.63 |
| Cysteine | ns | ns | 7.7 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 0.25 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.12 |
| Glutamic acid | ↑ 90% (+0.9) | ↓ 62.1% (−1.4) | 13.0 ± 0.6 | 12.1 ± 0.7 | 0.02 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Glutamine | ↑ 260% (+2.6) | ↑ 70% (+0.7) | 6.5 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.0005 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 0.005 |
| Glycine | ↓ 89.1 (−3.2) | ns | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 0.005 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 0.73 |
| Histidine | ↓ 18.7% (−0.3) | ns | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 0.02 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 1.6 | 0.69 |
| Isoleucine | ↓ 93.7% (−4.0) | ns | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 0.005 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 0.93 |
| Leucine | ↓ 94.1% (−4.1) | ↓ 12.9% (−0.2) | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 0.006 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Linoleic acid | ns | ↓ 89.1% (−3.2) | 12.1 ± 2.0 | 12.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 0.01 |
| Lysine | ns | ns | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 0.45 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 0.71 |
| Methionine | ↓ 90.5% (−3.4) | ↑ 30% (+0.3) | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.1 | 0.005 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 0.01 |
| Ornithine | ↓ 89.8% (−3.3) | ↓ 24.3% (−0.4) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 8.8 ± 0.3 | 0.005 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 0.005 |
| Phenylalanine | ↓ 89.8% (−3.3) | ↓ 18.7% (−0.3) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 0.005 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
| Proline | ↓ 89.8% (−3.3) | ↓ 12.9% (−0.2) | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | 0.005 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 0.02 |
| Serine | ↓ 88.3% (−3.1) | ns | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 0.7 | 0.005 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 0.82 |
| Threonine | ↓ 91.1% (−3.5) | 24.3% (−0.4) | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 0.0005 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 0.006 |
| Tryptophan | ↓ 78.3% (−2.2) | ns | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 0.005 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 0.09 |
| Tyrosine | ↑ 150% (+1.5) | ns | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 0.004 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.68 |
| Valine | ↓ 93.3% (−3.9) | ns | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 0.005 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 0.08 |
| SCFAs | ||||||||
| Acetic acid | ↓ 73.2% (−1.9) | — | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 0.0005 | — | — | — |
| Butyric acid | ↑ 80% (+0.8) | — | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 0.006 | — | — | — |
| Formic acid | ↓ 6.7% (−0.1) | — | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.03 | — | — | — |
| Isovaleric acid | ns | — | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 0.45 | — | — | — |
| Propionic acid | ns | — | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.16 | — | — | — |
1
AD, American diet; AD-soy-pea, American diet modified by protein source (soy and pea isolates); ns, nonsignificant; SAMP, SAMP1/YitFC mouse line.
2
Percent change of analyte in mice receiving AD-soy-pea compared to mice receiving ''referent'' AD diet (P < 0.05). Value in parenthesis indicates Log2 difference = ''AD-soy-pea'' minus ''AD''. SCFA concentrations measured in feces only.
3
Log2-transformed MS data (Experiments 1, 5, and 6). Mann–Whitney U test, n = 5–7.