Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants in terms of lifestyle variables over phases of Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS)
| Variables | Phases of study | Adjusted P value for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 2007 | 2013 | |||||
| Overall diet quality index (DQI)1 | 1.02 ± 0.26 | 0.74 ± 0.29 | 0.67 ± 0.28 | < 0.0015 | |||
| Food groups (times per week)1 | |||||||
| Non-hydrogenated and olive oil | 2.28 ± 3.7 | 6.54 ± 4.63 | 6.35 ± 4.47 | < 0.0015 | |||
| Meat, egg and whole dairy products | 6.38 ± 3.93 | 4.79 ± 3.15 | 2.04 ± 2.38 | < 0.0015 | |||
| Hydrogenated oil, ghee, animal fats and butter | 10.19 ± 5.9 | 3.46 ± 4.26 | 1.95 ± 3.48 | < 0.0015 | |||
| Sweets | 1.8 ± 3.23 | 1.3 ± 2.04 | 1.95 ± 3.18 | 0.145 | |||
| Legumes, chicken, soya protein and Fish | 5.6 ± 3.11 | 5.72 ± 2.99 | 3.08 ± 2.48 | < 0.0015 | |||
| Vegetables and fruit | 12.93 ± 6.71 | 13.17 ± 6.09 | 12.32 ± 6.39 | 0.0025 | |||
| Fast foods | 0.48 ± 0.96 | 0.28 ± 0.56 | 0.23 ± 0.53 | < 0.0015 | |||
| Family history3 (Yes) 2 | 1099(39.0) | 1956(68.9) | 1233(84.2) | < 0.0016 | |||
| Anti-dyslipidemia medications (Yes)2 | 224(8.0) | 441(15.5) | 349(23.8) | < 0.0016 | |||
| Anti-hypertensive medications (Yes) 2 | 320(11.4) | 604(21.3) | 393(26.8) | < 0.0016 | |||
| Anti-diabetic medications (Yes) 2 | 112(4.0) | 305(10.7) | 224(15.3) | < 0.0016 | |||
| Smoking status (ever smoke) 2 | 617(21.9) | 489(17.2) | 285(19.5) | < 0.0016 | |||
| Physical activity1 (MET-m/d)4 | |||||||
| Tertile 1 | < 565.7 | 332.01 ± 150.41 | < 467.14 | 274.77 ± 122.74 | < 501.55 | 296.36 ± 140.81 | < 0.0017 |
| Tertile 2 | 565.7–1062.8 | 810.97 ± 141.06 | 467.14–845.71 | 649.14 ± 107.51 | 501.55–856.14 | 670.37 ± 101.27 | |
| Tertile 3 | > 1062.8 | 1497.75 ± 435.75 | > 845.71 | 1297.24 ± 491.34 | > 856.14 | 1372.03 ± 582.31 | |
| Adaptive copping strategy1 | |||||||
| Tertile 1 | < 28.57 | 14.12 ± 7.52 | < 20 | 8.03 ± 6.79 | < 33.33 | 16.26 ± 11.03 | 0.617 |
| Tertile 2 | 28.57–69.23 | 48.33 ± 12.35 | 20–62.5 | 40.28 ± 12.10 | 33.33–75 | 53.89 ± 11.12 | |
| Tertile 3 | > 69.23 | 88.63 ± 9.76 | > 62.5 | 84.42 ± 12.32 | > 75 | 93.46 ± 8.56 | |
| Maladaptive copping strategy1 | |||||||
| Tertile 1 | 0 | 0 | < 14.29 | 0.03 ± 0.57 | < 16.67 | 0 | 0.147 |
| Tertile 2 | 1–66.67 | 41.65 ± 10.84 | 14.29–66.67 | 41.06 ± 11.31 | 16.67–75 | 51.15 ± 15.00 | |
| Tertile 3 | > 66.67 | 90.87 ± 13.87 | > 66.67 | 90.29 ± 13.88 | > 75 | 99.23 ± 3.79 | |
1Data are expressed as Mean ± SD
2Data are expressed as number (percent)
3Family history of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke
4MET-m/d: metabolic equivalent task minutes per day
5P value obtained from linear mixed model adjusted for sex and age
6P value obtained from mixed effect logistic regression model adjusted for sex and age
7P value obtained from mixed effect ordered logistic regression model adjusted for sex and age