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. 2021 Mar 11;21:112. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02137-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Retinal fundus image assessment using VAMPIRE software. Optic disc centred retinal fundus image assessment using the Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina (VAMPIRE) software. Arterioles (red), venules (blue) and deleted segments (white) are indicated. The retinal microvascular parameters for arteriolar and venular calibre (CRAE, CRVE, and AVR), are calculated from measurements captured in zones B (1.0 to 1.5 optic disc diameters from the centre of the optic disc). Fractal dimension and tortuosity are calculated from measurements captured in zone C (1.0 to 2.5 optic disc diameters from the centre of the optic disc)