TABLE 2.
Individual Biomarkers of Imbalanced Immunity Associated With HIV Acquisition Risk
| Population† |
A |
B |
|---|---|---|
| Biomarker of Imbalanced Immunity |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
| Cervical (Mucosal) | 4390 Visits (574 From Seroconverters) | 3007 Visits (200 From Seroconverters) |
| High concentrations of (>median) primary pro-inflammatory cytokines | ||
| IL-1β | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) | 1.26 (0.94 to 1.68) |
| IL-6 | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.28) | 1.07 (0.80 to 1.43) |
| Low concentrations of (<median) anti-inflammatory function | ||
| IL-1RA | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) | 0.65 (0.48 to 0.86)** |
| SLPI | 1.16 (0.98 to 1.39) | 1.11 (0.83 to 1.48) |
| IL-1RA: IL-1β ratio | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.16) | 0.72 (0.54 to 0.96)* |
| High concentrations of (>median) secondary immune effectors | ||
| IL-8 | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.41) | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.14) |
| MIP-3α | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.02) | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.22) |
| RANTES | 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43)* | 1.58 (1.17 to 2.12)** |
| BD2 | 1.33 (1.11 to 1.58)** | 1.60 (1.19 to 2.14)** |
| Low concentrations of (<median) anti-viral stress response | ||
| ICAM-1 | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.26) | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.23) |
| VEGF | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.07) | 0.80 (0.60 to 1.07) |
|
Population† |
A |
B |
|
Biomarker of Imbalanced Immunity |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
| Serum (Systemic) | 2636 Visits (445 From Seroconverters) | 1498 Visits (154 From Seroconverters) |
| Low concentrations of (<median) systemic immunity | ||
| CRP | 1.49 (1.21 to 1.83)*** | 1.45 (1.04 to 2.04)* |
| IL-6 | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.51)* | 0.95 (0.68 to 1.33) |
| IL-7 | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.41) | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.28) |
| High concentrations of (middle quartile) response to endotoxin exposure | ||
| sCD14 | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.30) | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.51) |
Bivariate analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of having high concentrations of or low concentrations of mediators of mucosal and systemic immunity in cervical and serum specimens from women who seroconverted compared to controls who remained HIV-negative.
*
P < 0.05
**
P < 0.01
***
P < 0.001.
†
Population A includes all data for both seroconverters and women remaining HIV-negative from all HIV-negative visits. Population B includes all HIV-negative visits from women remaining HIV-negative but limited data for the seroconverters to the visit just before the seroconversion visit.