TABLE 2.

Weight loss prediction or associations with weight loss at 11 to 18 months, according to gustatory and psychometric measures of reward-related feeding behavior in the surgical group

Variable: baseline/follow-up change	%WL prediction by baseline variables,1n = 86		Associations between follow-up change and %WL,2n = 86
	β (B, 95% CI)3	P value4	β (B, 95% CI)3	P value
Taste thresholds	0.02 (0.01, −0.1 to 0.1)	0.8	−0.1 (−1.3, −3.1 to 0.6)	0.2
Acuity	−0.1 (−0.4, −1.1 to 0.2)	0.2	0.1 (2.9, −3.8 to 9.7)	0.4
Sour ratings
Intensity	0.1 (0.03, −0.1 to 0.1)	0.6	−0.1 (−3.0, −7.4 to 1.5)	0.2
Pleasantness	0.04 (0.01, −0.1 to 0.1)	0.7	−0.01 (−0.1, −1.3 to 1.2)	0.9
Salt ratings
Intensity	−0.02 (−0.01, −0.1 to 0.1)	0.8	−0.01 (−0.2, −3.3 to 2.9)	0.9
Pleasantness	0.1 (0.04, −0.1 to 0.1)	0.5	−0.2 (−6.0, −12.9 to 0.9)	0.1
Sweet ratings
Intensity	0.2 (0.2, 0.02 to 0.3)	0.02	−0.3 (−3.5, −5.8 to −1.3)	0.003
Pleasantness	0.1 (0.1, −0.1 to 0.2)	0.4	−0.1 (−6.8, −16.6 to 2.9)	0.2
Bitter ratings
Intensity	0.1 (0.1, −0.1 to 0.2)	0.3	<0.001 (−0.001, −3.6 to 3.6)	1.0
Pleasantness	−0.2 (−0.1, −0.2 to 0.01)	0.1	0.1 (0.9, −2.2 to 3.9)	0.6
Reward-related feeding behavior
PFS – Aggregate score	−0.2 (−2.0, −3.8 to −0.3)	0.02	−0.003 (−0.1, −7.1 to 6.9)	1.0
PFS – Food available	−0.2 (−1.9, −3.5 to −0.3)	0.02	0.1 (2.1, −3.8 to 8.0)	0.5
PFS – Food present	−0.2 (−1.2, −2.7 to 0.2)	0.1	−0.04 (−1.0, −5.9 to 3.8)	0.7
PFS – Food tasted	−0.1 (−0.9, −2.5 to 0.6)	0.2	−0.1 (−2.6, −8.0 to 2.9)	0.4
YFAS – Diagnosis	−0.2 (−3.5, −7.2 to 0.2)	0.1	—	—
YFAS – No. of symptoms	−0.1 (−0.7, −1.6 to 0.3)	0.2	0.03 (0.5, −3.3 to 4.4)	0.8
Feeding behavior traits
DEBQ – External eating	−0.2 (−2.0, −4.2 to 0.2)	0.1	−0.02 (−0.8, −7.4 to 5.9)	0.8
DEBQ – Restrained eating	−0.1 (−0.6, −2.8 to 1.6)	0.6	−0.05 (−1.2, −6.4 to 4.0)	0.7
DEBQ – Emotional eating	−0.1 (−1.0, −2.8 to 0.8)	0.3	−0.2 (−5.0, −10.0 to 0.03)	0.1
Food acceptance
FARS – Aggregate score	−0.1 (−0.02, −0.05 to 0.01)	0.2	−0.1 (−6.2, −18.3 to 6.0)	0.3
FARS – Fruits	0.1 (0.05, −0.1 to 0.2)	0.5	−0.1 (−7.7, −18.5 to 3.2)	0.2
FARS – Vegetables	−0.1 (−0.04, −0.1 to 0.1)	0.5	0.1 (4.3, −7.9 to 16.4)	0.5
FARS – Dairy	−0.03 (−0.1, −0.4 to 0.3)	0.7	−0.2 (−6.7, −14.7 to 1.2)	0.1
FARS – Meat	−0.2 (−0.2, −0.4 to 0.04)	0.1	−0.1 (−5.8, −14.2 to 2.7)	0.2
FARS – Fried	−0.2 (−0.2, −0.4 to 0.04)	0.1	0.01 (0.2, −3.7 to 4.1)	0.9
FARS – Sauces	−0.2 (−0.2, −0.5 to 0.1)	0.1	0.02 (0.6, −4.3 to 5.5)	0.8
FARS – Carbs	−0.2 (−0.1, −0.3 to 0.02)	0.1	−0.1 (−4.2, −11.3 to 2.9)	0.2
FARS – Sweets	−0.1 (−0.1, −0.3 to 0.1)	0.4	−0.2 (−4.7, −8.5 to −0.8)	0.02
FARS – Alcohol	−0.1 (−0.1, −0.4 to 0.2)	0.6	−0.01 (−0.1, −2.5 to 2.4)	1.0

General linear models were adjusted for baseline BMI, baseline age, gender, personal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, surgical center, and surgery type and were performed to explain %WL from surgery at the end of follow-up. DEBQ, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire; FARS, Food Action Rating Scale; FDR, false discovery rate; PFS, Power of Food Scale; YFAS, Yale Food Addiction Scale.

¹%WL according to baseline gustatory and feeding behavior variables.

²%WL follow-up changes in baseline gustatory and feeding behavior variables. Follow-up changes were determined by normalizing follow-up by baseline values. End of follow-up was 11 to 18 mo after surgery.

³Values are standardized beta coefficients (β) and unstandardized beta coefficients (B) with 95% CIs. The overall effect size (R²) of models, both according to baseline variables or follow-up change, ranged from 0.35 to 0.43.

⁴For these primary analyses, statistical significance was defined using a FDR of 0.1, according to Benjamini-Hochberg (40).