TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of sample stratified by baseline calibrated energy (kcal/d) and total protein (g/d) quartiles
| Calibrated energy <1917.3 kcal/d, n = 841 | Calibrated energy 1917.3 to <2071.2 kcal/d, n = 842 | Calibrated energy 2071.2 to <2245.3 kcal/d, n = 842 | Calibrated energy ≥2245.3 kcal/d, n = 842 | Calibrated total protein <66.3 g/d, n = 841 | Calibrated total protein 66.3 to <73.4 g/d, n = 842 | Calibrated total protein 73.4 to <81.7 g/d, n = 843 | Calibrated total protein ≥81.7 g/d, n = 841 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 50–59 | 23 (2.7) | 127 (15.1) | 321 (38.1) | 494 (58.7) | 70 (8.3) | 154 (18.3) | 307 (36.4) | 434 (51.6) |
| 60–69 | 326 (38.8) | 457 (54.3) | 427 (50.7) | 309 (36.7) | 346 (41.1) | 429 (51.0) | 395 (46.9) | 349 (41.5) |
| 70–79 | 492 (58.5) | 258 (30.6) | 94 (11.2) | 39 (4.6) | 425 (50.5) | 259 (30.8) | 141 (16.7) | 58 (6.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 327 (38.9) | 447 (53.1) | 453 (53.8) | 421 (50.0) | 259 (30.8) | 399 (47.4) | 460 (54.6) | 530 (63.0) |
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 91 (10.8) | 160 (19.0) | 187 (22.2) | 321 (38.1) | 284 (33.8) | 178 (21.1) | 167 (19.8) | 130 (15.5) |
| Hispanic/Latina | 171 (20.3) | 115 (13.7) | 95 (11.3) | 43 (5.1) | 118 (14.0) | 116 (13.8) | 102 (12.1) | 88 (10.5) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 217 (25.8) | 89 (10.6) | 53 (6.3) | 7 (0.8) | 155 (18.4) | 113 (13.4) | 68 (8.1) | 30 (3.6) |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 27 (3.2) | 26 (3.1) | 37 (4.4) | 40 (4.8) | 20 (2.4) | 30 (3.6) | 31 (3.7) | 49 (5.8) |
| Unknown | 8 (1.0) | 5 (0.6) | 17 (2.0) | 10 (1.2) | 5 (0.6) | 6 (0.7) | 15 (1.8) | 14 (1.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Underweight, <18.5 | 39 (4.6) | 8 (1.0) | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (3.3) | 13 (1.5) | 6 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| Normal weight, 18.5–24.9 | 550 (65.4) | 345 (41.0) | 202 (24.0) | 36 (4.3) | 441 (52.4) | 335 (39.8) | 235 (27.9) | 122 (14.5) |
| Overweight, 25–29.9 | 235 (17.9) | 390 (46.3) | 394 (46.8) | 194 (23.0) | 280 (33.3) | 333 (39.5) | 344 (40.8) | 256 (30.4) |
| Obese, ≥30 | 17 (2.0) | 99 (11.8) | 243 (28.9) | 612 (72.7) | 92 (10.9) | 161 (19.1) | 258 (30.6) | 460 (54.7) |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Current | 77 (9.2) | 71 (8.4) | 58 (6.9) | 39 (4.6) | 71 (8.4) | 66 (7.8) | 63 (7.5) | 45 (5.4) |
| Past | 243 (28.9) | 300 (35.6) | 344 (40.9) | 348 (41.3) | 278 (33.1) | 308 (36.6) | 313 (37.1) | 336 (40.0) |
| Never | 521 (62.0) | 471 (55.9) | 440 (52.3) | 455 (54.0) | 492 (58.5) | 468 (55.6) | 467 (55.4) | 460 (54.7) |
| Education | ||||||||
| High school/GED or less | 220 (26.2) | 213 (25.3) | 173 (20.5) | 212 (25.2) | 270 (32.1) | 208 (24.7) | 183 (21.7) | 157 (18.7) |
| School after high school | 306 (36.4) | 297 (35.3) | 342 (40.6) | 323 (38.4) | 248 (29.5) | 280 (33.3) | 332 (39.4) | 408 (48.5) |
| College degree or higher | 315 (37.5) | 332 (39.4) | 327 (38.8) | 307 (36.5) | 323 (38.4) | 354 (42.0) | 328 (38.9) | 276 (32.8) |
| Parity | ||||||||
| Never pregnant/no term pregnancy | 131 (15.6) | 82 (9.7) | 84 (10.0) | 83 (9.9) | 152 (18.1) | 87 (10.3) | 88 (10.4) | 53 (6.3) |
| 1 | 55 (6.5) | 72 (8.6) | 80 (9.5) | 114 (13.5) | 133 (15.8) | 91 (10.8) | 66 (7.8) | 31 (3.7) |
| 2 | 227 (27.0) | 200 (23.8) | 183 (21.7) | 165 (19.6) | 261 (31.0) | 221 (26.2) | 176 (20.9) | 117 (13.9_ |
| 3 | 251 (29.8) | 207 (24.6) | 188 (22.3) | 151 (17.9) | 181 (21.5) | 211 (25.1) | 209 (24.8) | 196 (23.3) |
| 4 | 74 (8.8) | 118 (14.0) | 164 (19.5) | 169 (20.1) | 78 (9.3) | 137 (16.3) | 132 (15.7) | 178 (21.2) |
| ≥5 | 103 (12.2) | 163 (19.4) | 143 (17.0) | 160 (19.0) | 36 (4.3) | 95 (11.3) | 172 (20.4) | 266 (31.6) |
| Recreational physical activity, moderate or strenuous, times/week | ||||||||
| No activity | 122 (14.5) | 144 (17.1) | 128 (15.2) | 172 (20.4) | 155 (18.4) | 127 (15.1) | 142 (16.8) | 142 (16.9) |
| Some activity | 385 (45.8) | 332 (39.4) | 352 (41.8) | 371 (44.1) | 379 (45.1) | 342 (40.6) | 358 (42.5) | 361 (42.9) |
| 2 to <4 episodes | 138 (16.4) | 143 (17.0) | 153 (18.2) | 139 (16.5) | 134 (15.9) | 148 (17.6) | 140 (16.6) | 151 (18.0) |
| ≥4 episodes | 196 (23.3) | 223 (26.5) | 209 (24.8) | 160 (19.0) | 173 (20.6) | 225 (26.7) | 203 (24.1) | 187 (22.2) |
| Study component | ||||||||
| Observational study | 449 (53.4) | 342 (40.6) | 272 (32.3) | 206 (24.5) | 413 (49.1) | 350 (41.6) | 276 (32.7) | 230 (27.3) |
| Clinical trial | 392 (46.6) | 500 (59.4) | 570 (67.7) | 636 (75.5) | 428 (50.9) | 492 (58.4) | 567 (67.3) | 611 (72.7) |
| DM | 220 (26.2) | 293 (34.8) | 348 (41.3) | 397 (47.1) | 249 (29.6) | 314 (37.3) | 340 (40.3) | 355 (42.2) |
| HT | 233 (27.7) | 283 (33.6) | 334 (39.7) | 391 (46.4) | 255 (30.3) | 261 (31.0) | 332 (39.4) | 393 (46.7) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||||
| Yes | 21 (2.5) | 16 (1.9) | 15 (1.8) | 22 (2.6) | 16 (1.9) | 21 (2.5) | 17 (2.0) | 20 (2.4) |
| No | 820 (97.5) | 826 (98.1) | 827 (98.2) | 820 (97.4) | 825 (98.1) | 821 (97.5) | 826 (98.0) | 821 (97.6) |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| Yes | 21 (2.5) | 29 (3.4) | 31 (3.7) | 40 (4.8) | 7 (0.8) | 19 (2.3) | 28 (3.3) | 67 (8.0) |
| No | 820 (97.5) | 813 (96.6) | 811 (96.3) | 920 (95.2) | 834 (92.8) | 823 (97.7) | 815 (96.7) | 774 (92.0) |
| Hypertension1 | ||||||||
| Yes | 359 (42.7) | 326 (38.7) | 323 (38.4) | 337 (40.0) | 394 (46.8) | 330 (39.2) | 294 (34.9) | 327 (38.9) |
| No | 482 (57.3) | 516 (61.3) | 519 (61.6) | 505 (60.0) | 447 (53.2) | 512 (60.8) | 549 (65.1) | 514 (61.1) |
| Dyslipidemia2 | ||||||||
| Yes | 302 (36.2) | 306 (36.5) | 328 (39.2) | 369 (44.0) | 279 (33.3) | 310 (37.0) | 322 (38.4) | 394 (47.0) |
| No | 539 (63.8) | 536 (63.5) | 514 (60.8) | 473 (56.0) | 562 (66.7) | 532 (63.0) | 521 (61.6) | 447 (53.0) |
| Missing | 6 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | 5 (0.6) | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.5) | 5 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 3 (0.4) |
| Biometrics, mean ± SD | ||||||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 127.7 ± 58.9 | 124.9 ± 61.5 | 126.2 ± 62.2 | 125.7 ± 57.9 | 118.6 ± 53.3 | 126.6 ± 62.7 | 124.8 ± 58.6 | 134.5 ± 64.3 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 63.0 ± 15.1 | 61.3 ± 14.9 | 59.6 ± 13.7 | 56.1 ± 12.0 | 62.9 ± 15.3 | 61.2 ± 14.6 | 59.3 ± 13.6 | 56.6 ± 12.3 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 95.4 ± 19.5 | 94.9 ± 19.3 | 95.9 ± 23.7 | 99.0 ± 27.7 | 93.8 ± 14.1 | 95.3 ± 17.3 | 95.9 ± 24.5 | 100.3 ± 31.1 |
| Waist: hip ratio | 0.80 ± 0.10 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.10 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.08 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 77.1 ± 9.4 | 81.8 ± 9.4 | 85.7 ± 10.9 | 96.4 ± 13.8 | 79.6 ± 10.5 | 82.7 ± 11.3 | 85.6 ± 11.8 | 93.1 ± 14.6 |
| Energy, kcal/d, geometric mean (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Uncalibrated | 1276.1 (1246.1–1306.8) | 1403.8 (1369.9–1438.6) | 1494.1 (1457.8–1531.4) | 1618.6 (1576.7–1661.7) | 1148.9 (1122.6–1175.8) | 1380.4 (1349.5–1412.0) | 1520.6 (1486.1–1555.8) | 1796.7 (1755.2–1839.2) |
| Calibrated | 1802.5 (1796.7–1808.4) | 1993.2 (1990.2–1996.2) | 2151.9 (2148.5–2155.2) | 2438.6 (2426.1–2451.1) | 1871.9 (1861.1–1882.8) | 2012.6 (2001.9–2023.4) | 2140.3 (2128.1–2152.5) | 2338.5 (2322.3–2354.7) |
| Total protein, g/d, geometric mean (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Uncalibrated | 51.7 (50.3–53.1) | 57.7 (56.1–59.3) | 61.8 (60.2–63.5) | 66.5 (64.6–68.5) | 44.3 (43.1–45.5) | 56.1 (54.7–57.5) | 63.4 (61.9–65.0) | 77.9 (76.0–79.8) |
| Calibrated | 63.4 (63.0–63.9) | 70.7 (70.2–71.2) | 76.7 (76.1–77.2) | 84.9 (84.1–85.6) | 60.3 (59.9–60.6) | 69.8 (69.7–70.0) | 77.3 (77.1–77.4) | 89.8 (89.3–90.3) |
| Animal protein, g/d, geometric mean (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Uncalibrated | 32.1 (30.9–33.3) | 38.1 (36.8–39.5) | 41.5 (40.1–42.8) | 45.6 (44.4–47.5) | 27.1 (26.1–28.1) | 36.8 (35.8–37.9) | 42.7 (41.5–44.0) | 54.7 (53.1–56.2) |
| Estimated3 | 39.4 (38.6–40.2) | 46.7 (45.9–47.5) | 51.4 (50.6–52.2) | 58.6 (57.7–59.4) | 36.9 (36.1–37.7) | 45.9 (45.3–46.4) | 52.0 (51.4–52.7) | 63.0 (62.3–63.8) |
| Vegetable protein, g/d, geometric mean (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Uncalibrated | 17.6 (17.1–18.1) | 17.9 (17.4–18.4) | 18.8 (18.3–19.3) | 19.1 (18.6–19.7) | 15.3 (14.9–15.8) | 17.8 (17.3–18.3) | 19.1 (18.6–19.6) | 21.7 (21.1–22.3) |
| Estimated3 | 21.6 (21.1–22.1) | 21.9 (21.5–22.4) | 23.3 (22.8–23.8) | 24.4 (23.9–24.9) | 20.9 (20.4–21.4) | 22.2 (21.7–22.7) | 23.3 (22.8–23.8) | 25.0 (24.5–25.5) |
For categorical variables, percentages are based on known values. Variables with no missing values do not have a “missing” row. Abbreviations: DM, Dietary Modification Trial; HT, Hormone Therapy Trial.
1
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg.
2
Dyslipidemia was defined as triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or HDL <50 mg/dL.
3
Estimated by multiplying the biomarker-based calibrated total protein intake by the self-reported protein subtype proportion.