TABLE 3.
Dietary intakes during wash-in and intervention phases, based on unannounced 24-h dietary recalls, for the participants included in the per-protocol analysis for glucose tolerance and related endpoints1
| Limited dairy group (n = 22) | Low-fat dairy diet (n = 24) | Full-fat dairy diet (n = 21) | RM-ANOVA (time × diet interaction)2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wash-in diet period | Change during intervention period | Wash-in diet period | Change during intervention period | Wash-in diet period | Change during intervention period | ||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1998 [1624–2307] | 81 ± 544a | 2041 [1526–2625] | 224 ± 375a | 1712 [1364–2098] | 554 ± 467b | 0.003 |
| Carbohydrates, %E | 46.1 ± 11.4 | −0.7 [−4.4 to 0.9]a,b | 47.7 ± 8.6 | 1.6 [−4.3 to 6.2]a | 46.3 ± 7.1 | −4.1 [−7.6 to −0.8]b | 0.020 |
| Total sugars, %E | 18.0 ± 7.0 | −1.9 ± 5.6a | 18.5 ± 6.6 | 3.4 ± 5.0b | 17.1 ± 6.2 | 0.9 ± 4.7a,b | 0.004 |
| Added sugars, %E | 9.3 ± 4.5 | −0.5 ± 3.3 | 8.5 ± 4.1 | 0.7 ± 4.3 | 9.1 ± 6.1 | −0.9 ± 4.1 | 0.349 |
| Fiber, g/d | 23.9 ± 8.9 | 1.5 ± 7.9 | 25.7 ± 9.0 | −0.3 ± 6.2 | 21.5 ± 9.0 | 0.2 ± 5.8 | 0.650 |
| Fiber, g/1000 kcal | 12.3 ± 5.0 | 0.3 ± 3.8a | 12.6 ± 3.4 | −1.4 ± 2.5a,b | 12.2 ± 4.4 | −2.8 ± 3.3b | 0.011 |
| Fat, %E | 34.0 ± 8.1 | 1.3 [−2.7 to 5.7]a | 34.2 ± 7.7 | −2.5 [−8.2 to 0.0]b | 35.0 ± 9.0 | 4.4 [0.6–7.3]a | <0.001 |
| SFAs, %E | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 0.7 [−0.3 to 3.8]a | 8.2 ± 2.1 | 0.6 [−1.5 to 2.1]a | 8.7 ± 2.6 | 5.2 [3.4–6.9]b | <0.001 |
| MUFAs, E% | 14.1 ± 4.3 | −0.3 ± 3.8a | 14.0 ± 3.9 | −3.1 ± 2.5b | 13.7 ± 4.1 | −0.2 ± 4.6a | 0.014 |
| PUFAs, %E | 9.2 ± 2.8 | 0.3 ± 2.3 | 9.3 ± 3.1 | −1.8 ± 3.0 | 9.7 ± 3.5 | −1.1 ± 3.4 | 0.058 |
| Protein, %E | 15.4 [12.5–18.1] | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 16.2 [13.7–17.7] | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 15.3 [14.1–18.6] | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.024 |
| 2015 Healthy Eating Index | 71.9 ± 9.2 | −2.5 ± 10.0a,b | 72.8 ± 9.7 | 2.9 ± 8.7a | 72.2 ± 8.5 | −5.6 ± 7.6b | 0.008 |
| Calcium, mg/1000 kcal | 307 [222–440] | −9 ± 150a | 298 [252–358] | 401 ± 167b | 338 [276–426] | 277 ± 194b | <0.001 |
1
n = 67. Values are means ± SDs or medians [IQRs] for nonnormally distributed variables. RM-ANOVA, repeated-measures analysis of variance; %E, percentage of total energy intake.
2
Reflects an overall comparison of the 3 dietary phases by RM-ANOVA. Values with different superscript letters are statistically significantly different in Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc testing (P < 0.017).