. 2021 Jan 20;113(3):684–694. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa350

TABLE 3.

Associations of long-term diet quality and food intakes with common gut microbiome taxa in the Shanghai Women's and Men's Health Studies

Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus species	Median relative abundance, %	Prevalence, %	β (SE) for Q5 vs. Q1¹	P value	β (SE) for 1-SD increase¹	P value
Healthy diet score (average)
Firmicutes					28.3	100	0.095 (0.039)	0.01	0.027 (0.012)	0.03
Firmicutes	Clostridia				27.1	100	0.108 (0.040)	0.007	0.030 (0.013)	0.02
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Coprococcus	0.63	99.1	0.297 (0.095)	0.002	0.100 (0.030)	0.001
Actinobacteria					0.47	99.8	0.225 (0.114)	0.04	0.081 (0.037)	0.03
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria				0.33	97.7	0.351 (0.142)	0.01	0.123 (0.045)	0.007
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales			0.30	92.3	0.394 (0.158)	0.01	0.139 (0.050)	0.006
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium	0.30	92.1	0.411 (0.158)	0.009	0.149 (0.050)	0.003
Healthy diet score (most recent)
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Blautia obeum	0.07	88.2	0.256 (0.104)	0.01	0.090 (0.033)	0.007
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Coprococcus	0.63	99.1	0.229 (0.094)	0.01	0.087 (0.030)	0.004
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Ruminococcaceae	Faecalibacterium	5.35	98.7	0.313 (0.126)	0.01	0.105 (0.040)	0.009
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Ruminococcaceae	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	5.17	98.7	0.313 (0.126)	0.01	0.104 (0.040)	0.009
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Ruminococcaceae	Unknown	0.43	98.9	0.215 (0.122)	0.08	0.091 (0.031)	0.004
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium adolescentis	0.05	76.6	0.297 (0.145)	0.04	0.120 (0.046)	0.01
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Odoribacteraceae	Butyricimonas	0.08	65.2	0.246 (0.149)	0.09	0.122 (0.047)	0.01
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Bacteroidaceae	Bacteroides uniformis	1.85	98.1	0.257 (0.137)	0.06	0.110 (0.044)	0.01
Dairy²
Actinobacteria					0.47	99.8	0.465 (0.120)	0.0001	0.120 (0.038)	0.002
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria				0.33	97.7	0.557 (0.149)	0.0002	0.136 (0.048)	0.004
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales			0.30	92.3	0.581 (0.165)	0.0004	0.141 (0.053)	0.008
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae		0.30	92.3	0.581 (0.165)	0.0004	0.141 (0.053)	0.08
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium	0.30	92.1	0.559 (0.165)	0.0007	0.129 (0.053)	0.01
Fish and seafood²
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Coprococcus	0.63	99.1	0.269 (0.094)	0.004	0.081 (0.030)	0.007
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Ruminococcaceae	Unknown	0.43	98.9	0.296 (0.097)	0.002	0.070 (0.031)	0.02
Proteobacteria	Betaproteobacteria				2.81	96.9	0.255 (0.127)	0.04	0.106 (0.041)	0.009
Proteobacteria	Betaproteobacteria	Burkholderiales			2.80	96.5	0.292 (0.131)	0.02	0.114 (0.042)	0.007
Proteobacteria	Betaproteobacteria	Burkholderiales	Alcaligenaceae		2.78	95.7	0.324 (0.135)	0.02	0.115 (0.043)	0.008
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria				0.23	88.9	0.382 (0.124)	0.002	0.127 (0.040)	0.001
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfovibrionales			0.23	88.8	0.385 (0.124)	0.002	0.125 (0.040)	0.002
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfovibrionales	Desulfovibrionaceae		0.23	88.8	0.387 (0.123)	0.002	0.124 (0.040)	0.002
Nuts and legumes²
Proteobacteria					6.18	100	0.110 (0.061)	0.07	0.046 (0.019)	0.02
Processed meat²
Firmicutes	Clostridia				27.1	100	−0.127 (0.048)	0.008	−0.035 (0.020)	0.08
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales			27.1	100	−0.127 (0.048)	0.008	−0.035 (0.020)	0.08
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae		9.87	100	−0.171 (0.061)	0.005	−0.055 (0.026)	0.03
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Roseburia	2.36	97.7	−0.522 (0.151)	0.0006	−0.142 (0.064)	0.03
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Roseburia faecis	1.14	95.4	−0.569 (0.167)	0.0007	−0.175 (0.071)	0.01
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	Roseburia other	0.25	92.5	−0.440 (0.141)	0.002	−0.145 (0.060)	0.01

General linear regression β coefficient (SE) for the fifth compared with first quintile (Q5 compared with Q1) and each SD increment of the healthy diet score and food intakes. The model was adjusted for age at stool sample collection, sex, income, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, leisure-time physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, and history of hypertension. Results with a false discovery rate <0.10 are shown. Tests were conducted for common taxa, including 5 phyla, 10 classes, 12 orders, 21 families, 39 genera, and 62 species.

Intakes of 7 food groups (fruit, vegetables, dairy, fish/seafood, nuts/legumes, refined grains, and red meat) were cumulative average intakes. The intake frequency of processed meat was assessed only at baseline.