TABLE 2.
Association between lifestyle and physical characteristics and following a gluten-free diet1
| Gluten-free diet | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle and physical characteristics | No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | OR2 (95% CI)3 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Never | 3434 (2.8) | 99 (5.6) | 1.75 (1.40, 2.20) |
| Former | 3451 (2.8) | 132 (7.4) | 2.57 (2.11, 3.15) |
| Special occasions only | 11,187 (9.1) | 261 (14.7) | 1.43 (1.22, 1.67) |
| 1–3 times a month | 13,150 (10.7) | 234 (13.2) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.37) |
| 1–2 times a week | 30,102 (24.6) | 429 (24.2) | 1 (Ref) |
| 3–4 times a week | 31,746 (25.9) | 359 (20.2) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) |
| Daily or almost daily | 29,530 (24.1) | 261 (14.7) | 0.65 (0.56, 0.77) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 69,999 (57.2) | 1031 (58.2) | 1 (Ref) |
| Former | 43,852 (35.8) | 641 (36.2) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.35) |
| Current | 8551 (7.0) | 101 (5.7) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.15) |
| IPAQ group for physical activity | |||
| Low | 18,749 (18.2) | 263 (17.7) | 1 (Ref) |
| Moderate | 44,340 (43.1) | 632 (42.5) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) |
| High | 39,883 (38.7) | 593 (39.9) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.19) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 671 (0.6) | 29 (1.6) | 1.74 (1.19, 2.55) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 47,488 (38.8) | 865 (48.9) | 1 (Ref) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 50,168 (41.0) | 564 (31.9) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.84) |
| Obese (≥30) | 24,067 (19.7) | 312 (17.6) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.84) |
| Weight change in past year | |||
| No | 72,093 (59.6) | 980 (55.9) | 1 (Ref) |
| Gained weight | 30,394 (25.1) | 456 (26.0) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) |
| Lost weight | 18,551 (15.3) | 318 (18.1) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.34) |
| Dietary change in past 5 y | |||
| No | 78,138 (63.8) | 613 (34.6) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes, due to illness | 9875 (8.1) | 491 (27.7) | 6.35 (5.60, 7.20) |
| Yes, other reason | 34,537 (28.2) | 669 (37.7) | 2.34 (2.10, 2.62) |
1
IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
2
ORs were calculated using logistic regression.
3
Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation score, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and BMI.