TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics according to the extreme quintiles of dietary pattern scores in the Singapore Chinese Health Study1
| Characteristics | AHEI-2010 | DASH | aMED | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (Low) | Q5 (High) | Q1 (Low) | Q5 (High) | Q1 (Low) | Q5 (High) | |
| Participants, n | 11,397 | 11,397 | 11,705 | 9012 | 11,842 | 11,075 |
| Age, y | 55.9 ± 8.0 | 55.7 ± 7.7 | 55.2 ± 7.7 | 56.5 ± 7.8 | 57.3 ± 8.1 | 54.9 ± 7.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 3.2 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 3.2 |
| Men | 6551 (57.5) | 4083 (35.8) | 6784 (58.0) | 2802 (31.1) | 5566 (47.0) | 4637 (41.9) |
| Cantonese | 4892 (42.9) | 5833 (51.2) | 4808 (41.1) | 4715 (52.3) | 4604 (38.9) | 6043 (54.6) |
| Higher education2 | 2958 (26.0) | 4225 (37.1) | 2939 (25.1) | 3220 (35.7) | 2229 (18.8) | 4538 (41.0) |
| Ever smokers | 4889 (42.9) | 2180 (19.1) | 5168 (44.2) | 1515 (16.8) | 4517 (38.1) | 2455 (22.2) |
| Physical activities3 | 3574 (31.4) | 4436 (38.9) | 3393 (29.0) | 3739 (41.5) | 3128 (26.4) | 4677 (42.2) |
| Sleep duration, h/d | ||||||
| ≤5 | 1188 (10.4) | 1012 (8.9) | 1100 (9.4) | 858 (9.5) | 1247 (10.5) | 897 (8.1) |
| 6–8 | 9325 (81.8) | 9721 (85.3) | 9704 (82.9) | 7667 (85.1) | 9743 (82.3) | 9530 (86.1) |
| ≥9 | 884 (7.8) | 664 (5.8) | 901 (7.7) | 487 (5.4) | 852 (7.2) | 648 (5.9) |
| History of hypertension | 2172 (19.1) | 2701 (23.7) | 2295 (19.6) | 2084 (23.1) | 2443 (20.6) | 2437 (22.0) |
| History of diabetes | 705 (6.2) | 1036 (9.1) | 745 (6.4) | 865 (9.6) | 859 (7.3) | 912 (8.2) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||
| Never drinkers | 8422 (73.9) | 9666 (84.8) | 8506 (72.7) | 7889 (87.5) | 9545 (80.6) | 8802 (79.5) |
| Monthly to weekly drinkers | 2214 (19.4) | 1512 (13.3) | 2418 (20.7) | 992 (11.0) | 1715 (14.5) | 1989 (18.0) |
| Daily drinkers | 761 (6.7) | 219 (1.9) | 781 (6.7) | 131 (1.5) | 582 (4.9) | 284 (2.6) |
| Coffee consumption, cups/d | ||||||
| 0 to <1 | 2972 (26.1) | 3921 (34.4) | 2682 (22.9) | 3449 (38.3) | 3016 (25.5) | 3736 (33.7) |
| 1 | 3611 (31.7) | 4430 (38.9) | 3866 (33.0) | 3383 (37.5) | 4061 (34.3) | 4159 (37.6) |
| ≥2 | 4814 (42.2) | 3046 (26.7) | 5157 (44.1) | 2180 (24.2) | 4765 (40.2) | 3180 (28.7) |
| Current incense user | 9000 (79.0) | 8045 (70.6) | 9500 (81.2) | 6267 (69.5) | 9673 (81.7) | 7835 (70.7) |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1593.7 ± 568.0 | 1628.6 ± 492.3 | 1570.9 ± 528.3 | 1568.5 ± 458.1 | 1309.0 ± 428.2 | 1819.1 ± 530.0 |
| Food groups and nutrients | ||||||
| Whole grains,4 servings/d | 0.14 ± 0.39 | 0.87 ± 1.10 | 0.05 ± 0.23 | 1.11 ± 1.06 | 0.10 ± 0.38 | 0.81 ± 0.97 |
| Fruits,4 servings/d | 0.75 ± 0.68 | 2.02 ± 1.24 | 0.70 ± 0.66 | 1.94 ± 1.12 | 0.61 ± 0.57 | 1.95 ± 1.09 |
| Vegetables,4 servings/d | 1.06 ± 0.58 | 2.07 ± 1.07 | 1.08 ± 0.57 | 1.93 ± 0.97 | 0.90 ± 0.42 | 2.11 ± 0.92 |
| Nuts and legumes,4 servings/d | 0.31 ± 0.30 | 1.10 ± 0.67 | 0.38 ± 0.36 | 0.95 ± 0.69 | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 1.07 ± 0.69 |
| Dairy foods,4 servings/d | 0.26 ± 0.44 | 0.34 ± 0.48 | 0.11 ± 0.26 | 0.56 ± 0.56 | 0.24 ± 0.43 | 0.34 ± 0.47 |
| Fish,4 servings/d | 0.45 ± 0.33 | 0.69 ± 0.34 | 0.56 ± 0.31 | 0.57 ± 0.35 | 0.40 ± 0.22 | 0.76 ± 0.35 |
| Red meat,4 servings/d | 0.39 ± 0.31 | 0.25 ± 0.19 | 0.42 ± 0.26 | 0.19 ± 0.17 | 0.28 ± 0.19 | 0.34 ± 0.28 |
| SSBs and fruit juice,4 servings/d | 0.39 ± 0.62 | 0.07 ± 0.20 | 0.31 ± 0.54 | 0.06 ± 0.23 | 0.14 ± 0.37 | 0.19 ± 0.38 |
| Protein,5 % of energy | 14.3 ± 2.5 | 16.0 ± 2.3 | 15.3 ± 2.4 | 15.2 ± 2.4 | 14.5 ± 2.3 | 16.0 ± 2.3 |
| PUFA,5 % of energy | 4.00 ± 1.24 | 6.61 ± 2.22 | 4.58 ± 1.52 | 5.73 ± 2.16 | 4.03 ± 1.34 | 6.38 ± 2.07 |
| Long chain n–3 PUFAs, mg/d | 255.7 ± 0.2 | 381.1 ± 0.2 | 316.7 ± 0.2 | 310.6 ± 0.2 | 225.1 ± 0.1 | 420.3 ± 0.2 |
| MUFA:SFA ratio | 0.93 ± 0.16 | 1.08 ± 0.23 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 1.01 ± 0.22 | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 1.08 ± 0.21 |
| Sodium, g/d | 1.20 ± 0.63 | 1.10 ± 0.51 | 1.22 ± 0.57 | 1.00 ± 0.46 | 0.89 ± 0.45 | 1.35 ± 0.59 |
Values are means ± SDs for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. AHEI-2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010; aMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; Q, quintile; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.
Secondary school or higher education level.
Physical activities were defined as ≥2 h of moderate activity per week or ≥30 min of strenuous activities per week.
Food intakes are reported as servings per day: 1 serving of whole grains is 16 g; fruits is 1 medium piece; vegetables is 67 g; nuts is 28 g nuts or 1 tablespoon (16 g) of peanut butter and legumes is 1 medium-size tofu item; dairy is 250 mL or 1 cup of milk; fish is 90 g; red meat is either 113.4 g fresh meat or 42.5 g processed meat; and SSBs/fruit juice is 1 glass of soda or 1 glass, packet, or typical local portion of fruit juice. 1 cup = 237 mL.
Percentage of energy excluding energy provided by alcohol.