TABLE 2.
Risk of end-stage kidney disease according to quintiles of dietary pattern scores in the Singapore Chinese Health Study1
| Dietary pattern scores, in quintile | Median score (range) | Cases/person-years | Model 1 | Model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
| AHEI-2010 | ||||
| Q1 | 37.9 (17.0–41.0) | 210/196,368 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 43.1 (41.1–45.0) | 235/199,880 | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) |
| Q3 | 46.7 (45.1–48.5) | 203/204,598 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) |
| Q4 | 50.4 (48.6–52.7) | 194/206,388 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.99) |
| Q5 | 56.0 (52.8–75.9) | 184/211,203 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) |
| P-trend | 0.06 | 0.001 | ||
| Per SD (7.30) | 1026/1,018,436 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | |
| DASH | ||||
| Q1 | 19 (8–20) | 220/204,300 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 22 (21–23) | 274/256,078 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) |
| Q3 | 24 (24–25) | 203/180,854 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.26) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) |
| Q4 | 27 (26–28) | 197/211,957 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.98) |
| Q5 | 30 (29–39) | 132/165,248 | 0.77 (0.62, 0.97) | 0.67 (0.54, 0.84) |
| P-trend | 0.01 | <0.001 | ||
| Per SD (4.31) | 1026/1,018,436 | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | |
| aMED | ||||
| Q1 | 2 (0–2) | 232/203,014 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 3 (3–3) | 220/197,140 | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) |
| Q3 | 4 (4–4) | 225/215,883 | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) |
| Q4 | 5 (5–5) | 185/196,242 | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) |
| Q5 | 6 (6–8) | 164/206,156 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.06) | 0.73 (0.59, 0.91) |
| P-trend | 0.14 | 0.004 | ||
| Per SD (1.68) | 1026/1,018,436 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) | |
1Model 1 was adjusted for age at recruitment (y), sex (male, female), dialect (Cantonese, Hokkien), education level (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or higher), year of interview (1993–1995, 1996–1998), BMI (kg/m2), hours per week of moderate activity (<0.5 h, 0.5–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–7 h, ≥7 h), smoking status (never, ever smoked ≤ 19 cigarettes/d, ever smoked 20–39 cigarettes/d, and ever smoked ≥ 40 cigarettes/d), total energy intake (kcal/d), coffee consumption (none to <1 cup/d, 1 cup/d, ≥2 cups/d), incense use (current, noncurrent), sleep duration (≤5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, ≥9 h), and alcohol use (none, monthly to weekly, 1 drink/d, ≥2 drinks/d). Model 2 was adjusted for the variables listed in Model 1 + self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension and diabetes. AHEI-2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010; aMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; Q, quintile.