Table 1.
Comparison between patients with diabetes at low risk and high risk of foot ulceration and patients with a foot ulcer*, †
| Low risk of ulceration | High risk of ulceration | Foot ulcer | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 18 119 | 10 812 (59·7%) | 3576 (19·7%) | 3731 (20·6%) |
| Male | 5605 (51·8%) | 1776 (49·7%)*** | 2678 (71·7%)* |
| Female | 5207 (48·2%) | 1800 (49·7%) | 1053 (28·3%) |
| Age (years) | 48·73 ± 12·57 | 53·77 ± 11·20* | 53·52 ± 10·56* |
| Age > 65 years | 1151 (10·6%) | 675 (18·9%)* | 585(15·7%)* |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11·82 ± 7·33 | 15·01 ± 8·08* | 15·76 ± 7·80* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27·30 ± 5·41 | 28·30 ± 6·15* | 26·69 ± 5·27* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128·34 ± 20·79 | 132·88 ± 23·12* | 134·42 ± 21·08* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80·86 ± 11·15 | 80·68 ± 12·51 | 83·29 ± 11·15* |
| Hypertension (≥130/80 mmHg) | 8118 (75·1%) | 2751 (76·9%)*** | 2799 (75%) |
| Smoking | 1545 (14·3%) | 582 (16·3%)** | 759(20·3%)* |
| HbA1c (%), mmol/mol | 9·46 ± 2·24, 80 ± 1 | 9·85 ± 2·36*, 84 ± 2 | 9·84 ± 2·32*, 84 ± 2 |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/l) | 1·04 ± 0·38 | 1·15 ± 0·54* | 1·29 ± 0·73* |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4·83 ± 1·09 | 4·74 ± 1·11*** | 156·44 ± 41·52* |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 0·99 ± 0·19 | 0·98 ± 0·19* | 34·80 ± 7·82* |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 3·02 ± 0·70 | 2·95 ± 0·70** | 100·89 ± 25·87* |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1·99 ± 1·04 | 1·96 ± 1·05 | 139·17 ± 92·03* |
CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
*
Data presented as mean ± SD and n (%); neuropathy disability score score ≥ 6 indicate high‐risk feet.
†
All patients with significant neuropathy were considered at risk of foot ulceration.
*
P < 0·001,
**
P < 0·01 and
***
P < 0·05, comparing low risk of ulceration with high risk of ulceration group and patients with foot ulcer.