Figure 5.

Anti-angiogenetic effects of curcumin. Curcumin can reduce angiogenesis by reducing the level of p-Akt. It also inhibits retinal and choroidal neovascularization by reducing the levels of SDF-1, NF-κB, AP-1, VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1, thus preventing the migration of endothelial cells and retinal vascular ischemia. p-Akt, phosphorylated Akt; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB AP-1, activator protein-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase.