Table A2.
Univariate analysis for participants with an acute foot wound or new amputation procedure
| Acute foot wound | Amputation procedure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | All | n (%) | Odds ratio [95% CI] | P value | n (%) | Odds ratio [95% CI] | P value |
| Participants* | 733 | 17 (2·3%) | [1·4–3·7%] | 14 (1·9%) | [1·1–3·2%] | ||
| Medical ward | 459 (62·6%) | 6 (35·9%) | 1·00 | 5 (35·7%) | 1·00 | ||
| Surgical ward | 274 (37·4%) | 11 (64·7%) | 3·61 [1·16–8·65] | 0·025**, † | 9 (64·3%) | 3·08 [1·02–9·28] | 0·046*, † |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (SD) years | 62·0(18·6) | 42·4(19·4) | 0·95 [0·93–0·97] | <0·001** | 65·5(12·7) | 1·01 [0·98–1·04] | 0·481 |
| Age groups | 0·002** | 0·702 | |||||
| 18–40 years | 110 (15·0%) | 9 (52·9%) | 1·00 | 0 | 1·00 | ||
| 41–60 years | 188 (25·7%) | 4 (23·5%) | 0·24 [0·07–0·82] | 0·023 | 4 (28·6%) | 0 | NA |
| 61–80 years | 316 (43·2%) | 3 (17·6%) | 0·11 [0·03–0·41] | 0·001 | 9 (64·3%) | 0 | NA |
| 81+ years | 117 (16·0%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·10 [0·01–0·78] | 0·028 | 1 (7·1%) | 0 | NA |
| Male sex | 408 (55·8) | 13 (76·5%) | 2·62 [0·85–8·12] | 0·094* | 9 (64·3%) | 1·44 [0·48–4·33] | 0·519 |
| Social determinants | |||||||
| Socioeconomic Status | 711 | 0·657 | 0·983 | ||||
| Most disadvantaged | 102 (14·3%) | 1 (5·9%) | 1·00 | 3 (21·4%) | 1·00 | ||
| Second most disadvantaged | 159 (22·4%) | 5 (29·4%) | 3·25 [0·37–28·20] | 0·286 | 4 (28·6%) | 0·85 [0·19–3·87] | 0·836 |
| Middle | 98 (13·8%) | 3(17·6%) | 3·16 [0·32–30·89] | 0·323 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Second least disadvantaged | 240 (33·8%) | 4 (1·7%) | 1·70 [0·19–15·42] | 0·636 | 5 (35·7%) | 0·71 [0·17–3·01] | 0·637 |
| Least disadvantaged | 112 (15·8%) | 4 (1·7%) | 3·70 [0·41–33·70] | 0·245 | 2 (14·3%) | 0·60 [0·10–3·67] | 0·580 |
| Geographic remoteness | 711 | 0·741 | 0·942 | ||||
| Major city | 435 (61·2%) | 9 (52·9%) | 1·00 | 8 (57·1%) | 1·00 | ||
| Inner regional area | 153 (21·5%) | 6 (35·3%) | 1·94 [0·68–5·55] | 0·216 | 4 (28·6%) | 1·43 [0·42–4·82] | 0·564 |
| Outer regional area | 66 (9·3%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·73 [0·09–5·83] | 0·764 | 1 (7·1%) | 0·82 [0·10–6·66] | 0·852 |
| Remote area | 30 (4·2%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Very remote area | 27 (3·8%) | 1 (5·9%) | 1·82 [0·22–14·89] | 0·578 | 1 (7·1%) | 2·05 [0·25–17·00] | 0·507 |
| <Year 10 education level | 395 (54·0%) | 8 (47·1%) | 0·75 [0·29–1·97] | 0·560 | 11 (78·6%) | 3·17 [0·88–11·46] | 0·078* |
| Indigenous | 34 (4·6%) | 1 (5·9%) | 1·29 [0·17–10·00] | 0·809 | 1 (7·1%) | 1·59 [0·20–12·56] | 0·658 |
| Born overseas | 161 (22·0%) | 2 (11·8%) | [0·11–2·05] | 0·311 | 2 (14·3%) | 0·58 [0·13–2·64] | 0·484 |
| Medical condition history | |||||||
| Diabetes | 172 (23·5%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·20 [0·03–1·51] | 0·118* | 10 (71·4%) | 8·58 [2·66–27·72] | <0·001** |
| Hypertension | 359 (49·0%) | 4 (23·5%) | 0·31 [0·10–0·97] | 0·044** | 8 (57·1%) | 1·40 [0·48–4·08] | 0·535 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 234 (31·9%) | 2 (11·8%) | 0·28 [0·06–1·23] | 0·092* | 7 (50·5%) | 2·16 [0·75–6·24] | 0·153* |
| Myocardial Infarct | 146 (19·9%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 4 (28·6%) | 1·62 [0·50–5·25] | 0·419 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 85 (11·6%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·47 [0·06–3·58] | 0·465 | 3 (21·4%) | 2·12 [0·58–7·74] | 0·258 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 89 (12·1%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 4 (28·6%) | 2·98 [0·91–9·71] | 0·070* |
| Cancer | 174 (23·7%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 4 (28·6%) | 1·29 [0·40–4·14] | 0·671 |
| Arthritis | 274 (37·4%) | 3 (17·6%) | 0·35 [0·10–1·25] | 0·106* | 4 (28·6%) | 0·67 [0·21–2·15] | 0·498 |
| Depression | 191 (26·1%) | 8 (47·1%) | 2·58 [0·98–6·78] | 0·055* | 2 (14·3%) | 0·47 [0·10–2·10] | 0·321 |
| Acute foot trauma | 26 (3·5%) | 14 (82·4%) | 273·0 [69·28–1075·75] | <0·001 | 4 (28·6%) | 12·66 [3·68–43·50] | <0·001** |
| Smoker | 104 (14·2%) | 4 (23·5%) | 1·91 [0·61–5·98] | 0·266 | 3 (21·4%) | 1·67 [0·46–6·08] | 0·439 |
| Ex‐smoker | 304 (41·5%) | 7 (41·2%) | 0·99 [0·37–2·63] | 0·982 | 6 (42·9%) | 1·06 [0·37–3·10] | 0·911 |
| Self‐care ability | |||||||
| Mobility impairment | 242 (33·2%) | 4 (23·5%) | 0·61 [0·20–1·90] | 0·394 | 10 (71·4%) | 5·21 [1·62–16·77] | 0·006** |
| Vision impairment | 110 (15·1%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 3 (21·4%) | 1·55 [0·43–5·66] | 0·505 |
| Footwear worn: inside | 0·152* | 0·589 | |||||
| Low‐risk footwear | 81 (11·1%) | 2 (12·5%) | 1·00 | 2 (16·7%) | 1·00 | ||
| Moderate‐risk footwear | 263 (36·1%) | 1 (6·3%) | 0·15 [0·01–1·69] | 0·124 | 6 (50·0%) | 0·92 [0·18–4·66] | 0·922 |
| High‐risk footwear | 139 (19·1%) | 6 (37·5%) | 1·18 [0·35–9·11] | 0·480 | 2 (16·7%) | 0·58 [0·08–4·17] | 0·586 |
| No footwear worn | 245 (33·7%) | 7 (43·8%) | 1·16 [0·24–5·71] | 0·854 | 2(16·7%) | 0·33 [0·05–2·35] | 0·265 |
| Footwear worn: outside | 0·957 | 0·613 | |||||
| Low‐risk footwear | 386 (53·2%) | 9 (56·3%) | 1·00 | 8 (66·7%) | 1·00 | ||
| Moderate‐risk footwear | 75 (10·3%) | 1 (6·3%) | 0·57 [0·07–4·54] | 0·592 | 2 (16·7%) | 1·30 [0·27–6·22] | 0·747 |
| High‐risk footwear | 250 (34·4%) | 6 (37·5%) | 1·03 [0·36–2·94] | 0·950 | 2 (16·7%) | 0·38 [0·08–1·81] | 0·225 |
| No footwear worn | 15 (2·1%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Past foot treatment | |||||||
| Yes | 256 (34·9%) | 3 (17·6%) | 0·39 [0·11–1·37] | 0·142* | 13 (92·9%) | 25·41 [3·31–195·39] | 0·002** |
| Podiatry | 180 (24·6%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·19 [0·03–1·42] | 0·105* | 9 (64·3%) | 5·76 [1·90–17·41] | 0·002** |
| GP | 93 (12·7%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·42 [0·06–3·22] | 0·406 | 11 (78·6%) | 28·44 [7·77–104·05] | <0·001** |
| Surgeon | 36 (4·9%) | 1 (5·9%) | 1·21 [0·16–9·41] | 0·854 | 9 (64·3%) | 46·07 [14·46–146·78] | <0·001** |
| Physician | 21 (2·9%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 2 (14·3%) | 6·13 [1·28–29·32] | 0·023** |
| Nurse | 20 (2·7%) | 1 (5·9%) | 2·29 [0·29–18·14] | 0·434 | 4 (28·6%) | 17·55 [4·97–61·93] | <0·001** |
| Orthotist | 4 (0·5%) | 1 (5·9%) | 14·81 [1·46–150·24] | 0·023 | 1 (7·1%) | 18·33 [1·77–188·18] | 0·014 |
| Other | 9 (1·2%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Foot disease history | |||||||
| Previous foot ulcer | 72 (9·8%) | 1 (5·9%) | 0·57 [0·07–4·33] | 0·583 | 10 (71·4%) | 26·41 [8·05–86·68] | <0·001** |
| Previous amputation | 30 (4·1%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 7 (50·0%) | 30·17 [9·78–93·13] | <0·001** |
| Foot risk factors· | |||||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | 160 (22·0%) | 1 (6·3%) | 0·23 [0·03–1·77] | 0·159* | 10 (83·3%) | 18·87 [4·09–87·03] | <0·001** |
| PAD | NA | <0·001** | |||||
| Nil PAD | 575 (79·0%) | 16 (100%) | 1·00 | 4 (33·3%) | 1·00 | ||
| Mild PAD | 69 (9·5%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
| Moderate PAD | 51 (7·0%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 4 (33·3%) | 12·15 [2·94–50·13] | 0·001** |
| Ischaemic (critical PAD) | 33 (4·5%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 4 (33·3%) | 19·69 [4·69–82·71] | <0·001** |
| Foot deformity | 158 (22·4%) | 3 (18·8%) | 0·80 [0·22–2·83] | 0·725 | 7 (63·6%) | 6·31 [1·82–21·82] | 0·004** |
| Foot disease disorders | |||||||
| Foot ulcer | 49 (6·7%) | – | – | – | 12 (85·7%) | 110·27 [23·80–510·82] | <0·001** |
| Acute foot wound | 17 (2·3%) | – | – | – | 2 (14·3%) | 7·80 [1·60–37·94] | 0·011** |
| Foot infection | 24 (3·3%) | 3 (27·3%) | 12·30 [3·05–49·70] | <0·001**, † | 6 (66·7%) | 77·22 [17·88–333·44] | <0·001** |
GP, general practitioner; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; SD, standard deviation.
*
95% CI are for prevalence figures.
†
Explanatory variable excluded from multivariate model as considered not on causal pathway for outcome.
*
P < 0·2;
**
P < 0·05.