Table 1.
Risk factors analysed in this study
| Risk factor (P‐value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Gender (0·633) | Foot deformity | Comorbidities (continued) |
| Age (0·546) | Charcot deformity (0·767) | GI disorder (0·047)* | |
| DM duration (0·232) | Claw toe (0·786) | Hepatobiliary disorder (0·253) | |
| Ambulation (0·476) | Hammer/Mallet toe (0·251) | Ophthalmic disorder (0·622) | |
| Neuropathic Sx. (0·037)* | Hallux valgus (0·670) | CNS disorder (0·791) | |
| Dialysis (<0·001)* | High arch foot (0·159) | Arthritis (1·000) | |
| Dialysis duration (0·449) | Comorbidities | Musculoskeletal disorder (1·000) | |
| Smoking (0·965) | Cardiac disorder (0·082) | Genitourinary disorder (0·410) | |
| Previous Hx. of DMF Tx. (0·166) | Hypertension (0·688) | Metabolic disorder (1·000) | |
| Pulmonary disorder (0·028)* | Malignant tumour (0·681) | ||
| Renal disorder (0·013)* | Other comorbidities (1·000) | ||
| Ulcer characteristics | Cause | Depth | Location |
| Trauma (0·321) | Dermis (0·640) | Dorsal foot (0·017)* | |
| Burn (0·251) | Subcutaneous tissue (0·037)* | Plantar foot (0·191) | |
| Pressure (0·559) | Tendon/Joint (0·256) | Border (0·396) | |
| Spontaneous (0·135) | Bone (0·001)* | Level | |
| Duration (0·831) | Inflammatory sign (0·119) | Forefoot (0·145) | |
| Side (0·969) | Midfoot (0·030)* | ||
| Size (< 0·001)* | Hindfoot (0·069) | ||
| Previous Tx. at other hospital (0·333) | Above the ankle (1·000) | ||
| Vascularity | TcpO2 (0·135) | ||
| Wound bioburden | Serology | MRI | Tissue culture |
| WBC (0·001)* | No infection (0·159) | No growth (1·000) | |
| ESR (0·038)* | Cellulitis (0·580) | Growth, soft tissue (1·000) | |
| CRP (<0·001)* | Bone marrow edema (0·518) | Growth, bone (0·554) | |
| Procalcitonin (0·161) | Osteomyelitis (0·186) | ||
| Neurology | Monofilament test (0·008)* | EMG and NCV (0·892) | |
| General serology | HbA1c (0·632) | Cholesterol (0·323) | HDL (0·011)* |
| LDL (0·287) | Hb (<0·001)* | Glucose (0·940) | |
| Albumin (<0·001)* | Protein (0·701) | BUN (0·256) | |
| Creatinine (<0·001)* | ALT (0·033)* | AST (0·127) | |
| FBS (0·018)* | Vitamin A (0·561) | Vitamin C (0·530) | |
| Vitamin E α (0·905) | Vitamin E β (0·171) | Vitamin E γ (0·736) | |
| Fe (0·002)* | Mg (0·908) | Zn (0·001)* | |
| Cu (0·037)* | Platelet (0·167) | Ferritin (<0·001)* | |
| TIBC (<0·001)* | 2‐hour postprandial blood sugar (0·035)* | ||
ALT, alanine transaminase; DM, diabetes mellitus; EMG, electromyography; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; TIBC, total iron‐binding capacity.
*
P < 0·05.