Table 3.
Top 25 Risk factors of surgical site infection ranked by number of articles, number of patients and number of surgical fields affected*
| Risk factors | Number of articles | Number of patients | Supporting article(s) | Surgical field (GEN, PLA, CAR, ORT, VAS) | ciNPT recommended† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 | 223 336 |
Imai et al. 85 Xue et al. 86 Harrington et al. 103 Pull ter Gunne et al. 114 Neumayer et al. 87 Martin et al. 99 |
GEN, CAR, ORT, VAS | X |
| ASA score ≥3 | 9 | 265 783 |
Berger et al. 88 Xue et al. 86 Si et al. 89 Ridgeway et al. 90 Neumayer et al. 87 |
GEN, PLA, CAR, ORT,VAS | X |
| Advanced age | 8 | 231 813 |
Fahrner et al. 104 Baumeister et al. 105 Harrington et al. 103 Ridgeway et al. 90 Neumayer et al. 87 |
GEN, PLA, CAR, ORT, VAS | X |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 12 | 151 935 |
Imai et al. 85 Xue et al. 86 Harrington et al. 103 Pull ter Gunne et al. 114 Turtiainen et al. 91 |
GEN, PLA, CAR, ORT, VAS | X |
| Prolonged surgical operation time | 13 | 142 957 |
Imai et al. 85 Barber et al. 115 Simsek Yavuz et al. 106 Urquhart et al. 92 |
GEN, PLA, CAR, ORT | X |
| Active tobacco use | 4 | 178 532 | Neumayer et al. 87 Edmonston et al. 116 | GEN, PLA, ORT, VAS | |
| Hypoalbuminaemia | 4 | 200 037 |
Shanmugam et al. 93 Neumayer et al. 87 |
GEN, VAS | |
| Corticosteroid usage | 2 | 166 026 |
Slaughter et al. 94 Neumayer et al. 87 |
GEN, CAR, VAS | |
| Active alcoholism | 2 | 163 624 |
Neumayer et al. 87 Aggarwal et al. 95 |
GEN, ORT, VAS | |
| Re‐operation | 9 | 23 825 |
Fahrner et al. 104 Xue et al. 86 Bryan et al. 96 Aggarwal et al. 95 |
GEN, PLA, CAR, ORT | X |
| Male | 5 | 77 984 |
Imai et al. 85 Namba et al. 107 |
GEN, ORT | |
| Renal disease/renal dialysis | 4 | 85 004 |
Centofanti et al. 108 Bozic et al. 109 |
CAR, ORT | |
| Local arterial insufficiency | 2 | 83 081 |
Baumeister et al. 105 Bozic et al. 109 |
PLA, ORT | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3 | 37 589 |
Shanmugam et al. 93 Diez et al. 97 |
GEN, CAR | X |
| Haematoma | 2 | 38 177 |
Fahrner et al. 104 Xue et al. 86 |
GEN, PLA | |
| Pedicled harvest using both internal thoracic arteries | 1 | 126 235 | Deo et al. 117 | CAR | |
| Hyperglycaemia | 2 | 2351 |
Ata et al. 118 Richards et al. 119 |
GEN, ORT | X |
| Preoperative chemoradiation | 2 | 3070 |
Xue et al. 86 Olsen et al. 110 |
PLA | X |
| Postoperative drainage | 2 | 7463 |
Pessaux et al. 120 Xue et al. 86 |
GEN, PLA | X |
| High perioperative blood loss | 1 | 4855 | Sorensen et al. 98 | GEN | X |
| Hypertension (blood pressure) | 1 | 2745 | Xue et al. 86 | PLA | |
| Malnutrition | 2 | 64 |
Shinkawa et al. 121 Aggarwal et al. 95 |
GEN, ORT | X |
| Venous insufficiency | 1 | 70 | Baumeister et al. 105 | PLA | |
| High surgical incision tension | N/A | N/A | Panel experience | PLA | X |
| Thickness of lipodermis | N/A | N/A | Panel experience | PLA |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical classification system; BMI, body mass index; CAR, cardiothoracic surgery; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GEN, general surgery; N/A, not applicable; ORT, orthopaedic surgery; PLA, plastic surgery; VAS, vascular surgery.
Risk factor ranking was obtained by multiplying the number of articles, the number of patients and the number of surgical fields.
Based on odds ratio >2 or presence in multiple surgical fields.