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. 2021 Feb 1;13(4):5226–5237. doi: 10.18632/aging.202442

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Copyright: © 2021 Liu et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Adjusted mean sex hormone levels by smoking status in middle-aged and elderly men. Adjusted mean levels of (A) total testosterone, (B) calculated free testosterone, (C) luteinizing hormone, and (D) sex hormone-binding globulin by smoking status in middle-aged and elderly men. CFT, calculated free testosterone; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin. Geometric mean values were calculated using multiple covariance and adjusting for age (in “overall” analysis only), body mass index, and alcohol intake. Error bars indicate standard error. *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 vs. never smokers.