Table 2.

Wound healing with important growth factors

Growth factor	Function involved in wound healing
bFGF	Proliferation of fibroblasts and epithelial cells; matrix deposition; wound contraction; angiogenesis; accelerates formation of granulation tissue
VEGF	Stimulates angiogenesis in granulation tissue; improves formation of collateral blood vessels in peripheral vascular disease
EGF	Differentiation, proliferation, migration and adhesion of keratinocytes
PDGF	Mitogenic for smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
TGF‐β	Mitogenic for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells; chemotactic for macrophages; stimulates angiogenesis (indirect) and collagen metabolism
TGF‐α	Stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblast; formation of granulation tissue
IL‐1	Neutrophil chemotaxis; fibroblast proliferation
TNF	Fibroblast proliferation
HGF	Re‐epithelialisation; neovascularisation; formation of granulation tissue
IGF‐1	Fibroblast proliferation
G‐CSF	Stimulates production of neutrophils; enhances function of neutrophils and monocytes; promotes proliferation of keratinocytes
GM‐CSF	Mediates proliferation of epidermal cells

bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factors; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; PDGF, platelet‐derived growth factor; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; TGF‐α, transforming growth factor‐α; IL‐1, interleukin‐1; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF‐1, insulin‐like growth factor‐1; G‐CSF, granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor; GM‐CSF, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor.