Table 1.
Characteristics of Hispanic Community Health Study–Study of Latino participants, by smoking status
| Never smoker | Former smoker | Nondaily current smoker | Daily current smoker, <20 cigarettes/day | Daily current smoker, ≥20 cigarettes/day | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 4,996 | 1,303 | 473 | 752 | 191 | |
| Women (%) | 58.3 (56.4, 60.1) | 37.9 (34.0, 41.8) | 39.6 (33.2, 46.3) | 42.0 (36.5, 47.6) | 36.3 (27.7, 45.8) | <0.0001 |
| Age (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| 18–35 years | 53.7 (51.6, 55.7) | 29.0 (24.4, 34.0) | 55.4 (48.8, 61.7) | 45.3 (39.6, 51.1) | 24.9 (15.8, 36.9) | |
| 35–55 years | 38.0 (36.1, 40.0) | 48.3 (43.9, 52.8) | 36.0 (30.2, 42.3) | 44.6 (39.3, 50.0) | 59.1 (48.7, 68.7) | |
| 55–76 years | 8.3 (7.4, 9.3) | 22.7 (19.6, 26.1) | 8.6 (5.8, 12.6) | 10.1 (7.9, 13.0) | 16.0 (11.1, 22.6) | |
| Annual income ≥$30,000 (%) | 35.6 (33.1, 38.2) | 34.8 (30.5, 39.4) | 29.5 (23.8, 35.8) | 27.5 (22.8, 32.7) | 17.3 (12.0, 24.3) | <0.0001 |
| Education (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <9th grade | 13.7 (12.4, 15.2) | 16.9 (14.2, 20.1) | 13.3 (9.8, 17.7) | 14.1 (10.5, 18.7) | 12.7 (8.3, 19.0) | |
| Some high school | 14.0 (12.5, 15.7) | 16.0 (12.9, 19.6) | 20.3 (15.5, 26.2) | 21.5 (17.1, 26.5) | 24.8 (16.2, 36.1) | |
| High school graduate | 28.9 (27.0, 30.9) | 27.6 (23.8, 31.8) | 32.0 (26.4, 38.2) | 28.8 (24.0, 34.2) | 26.9 (19.6, 35.8) | |
| College/higher education | 41.2 (39.1, 43.3) | 43.4 (41.0, 45.8) | 39.5 (35.1, 44.0) | 34.3 (28.1, 41.2) | 35.6 (30.5, 41.1) | |
| Lacks health insurance (%) | 52.9 (50.2, 55.7) | 53.7 (49.3, 58.0) | 58.4 (51.5, 65.1) | 49.4 (44.2, 54.6) | 57.2 (47.4, 66.5) | 0.0219 |
| Heavy alcohol usea (%) | 3.5 (2.7, 4.5) | 6.7 (4.7, 9.4) | 16.7 (11.7, 23.3) | 12.7 (9.0, 17.5) | 12.0 (6.5, 20.9) | <0.0001 |
| Alternative healthy eating index-2010, mean | 47.1 (46.7, 47.4) | 49.2 (48.5, 49.9) | 48.2 (47.1, 49.3) | 44.6 (43.9, 45.4) | 42.9 (41.9, 44.0) | <0.0001 |
| Second-hand smoking exposure, mean hours/week | 4.1 (3.5, 4.7) | 5.0 (4.0, 6.0) | 9.6 (6.8, 12.5) | 17.4 (14.7, 20.1) | 21.8 (16.6, 27.1) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight (BMI 25–30, %) | 36.9 (35.0, 38.9) | 43.9 (39.5, 48.4) | 34.5 (28.4, 41.0) | 31.8 (27.0, 37.0) | 32.7 (25.2, 41.3) | <0.0001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30, %) | 35.4 (33.4, 37.5) | 38.1 (33.9, 42.4) | 34.6 (28.6, 41.2) | 37.7 (32.3, 43.4) | 28.6 (20.1, 38.9) | <0.0001 |
| Prediabetes (%) | 30.3 (28.5, 32.1) | 37.7 (33.8, 41.7) | 32.3 (26.4, 38.9) | 32.8 (28.6, 37.4) | 39.2 (29.6, 49.7) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 8.1 (7.2, 9.1) | 13.9 (11.5, 16.6) | 9.1 (6.2, 13.0) | 7.8 (5.9, 10.2) | 8.4 (5.2, 13.3) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 34.4 (32.5, 36.4) | 46.1 (41.9, 50.4) | 33.6 (28.6, 39.0) | 48.3 (42.3, 54.4) | 54.7 (45.2, 63.8) | <0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB use (%) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 2.2 (1.3, 3.7) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 3.9 (1.5, 9.8) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) | 4.1 (1.1, 14.5) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke (%) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 1.4 (0.5, 3.3) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.1 (0.0, 1.1) | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mm Hg), mean | 112.9 (112.4, 113.4) | 116.9 (116.1, 117.8) | 113.5 (112.3, 114.8) | 114.6 (113.4, 115.9) | 116.8 (114.4, 119.3) | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg), mean | 68.9 (68.4, 69.3) | 71.2 (70.4, 71.9) | 68.8 (67.4, 70.2) | 69.4 (68.6, 70.3) | 72.0 (70.3, 73.7) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2), mean | 114.4 (113.6, 115.0) | 106.9 (105.3, 108.4) | 111.7 (109.6, 113.8) | 104.9 (103.0, 106.7) | 98.6 (95.2, 101.9) | <0.0001 |
| log-UACR (mg/g), median | 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) | 1.8 (1.8, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.8, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | <0.0001 |
| log-WBC (×10e9), mean | 1.8 (1.8, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.8, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.8, 1.9) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | <0.0001 |
| log-CRP (mg/l), mean | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | <0.0001 |
| Foreign born, <10 years living in the United States (%) | 31.5 (28.9, 34.2) | 30.5 (26.6, 34.6) | 26.4 (20.4, 33.3) | 24.1 (19.9, 28.9) | 31.2 (22.6, 41.2) | <0.0001 |
| Foreign born, ≥10 years living in the United States (%) | 43.4 (41.3, 45.7) | 52.5 (48.3, 56.8) | 40.4 (34.6, 46.4) | 38.7 (33.6, 44.1) | 41.1 (31.8, 51.0) | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic/Latino background (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Dominican | 12.1 (10.3, 14.1) | 4.6 (3.2, 6.6) | 2.7 (1.3, 5.4) | 6.2 (3.8, 9.9) | 5.3 (2.8, 10.0) | |
| Central American | 9.1 (7.5, 11.0) | 6.8 (5.1, 9.1) | 6.4 (4.0, 10.2) | 5.0 (3.4, 7.2) | 2.6 (1.2, 5.6) | |
| Cuban | 14.9 (12.1, 18.1) | 18.2 (14.1, 23.2) | 10.3 (6.8, 15.3) | 23.6 (18.2, 30.1) | 55.0 (45.2, 64.4) | |
| Mexican | 42.8 (39.3, 46.4) | 44.2 (39.1, 49.3) | 55.9 (48.5, 63.1) | 26.4 (21.5, 32.0) | 5.7 (3.2, 9.8) | |
| Puerto Rican | 10.8 (9.4, 12.5) | 16.2 (13.2, 19.7) | 13.0 (9.6, 17.3) | 31.4 (26.2, 37.0) | 24.5 (16.5, 34.9) | |
| South American | 5.7 (4.7, 6.9) | 6.6 (4.8, 8.9) | 3.6 (2.3, 5.7) | 2.4 (1.4, 4.2) | 1.6 (0.6, 4.0) | |
| Other/>1 | 4.6 (3.7, 5.8) | 3.4 (2.0, 5.9) | 8.0 (4.6, 13.5) | 5.0 (3.1, 7.9) | 5.3 (2.0, 13.1) | |
| Bronx Field Center | 29.3 (26.0, 32.8) | 21.2 (17.3, 25.6) | 20.4 (15.5, 26.4) | 36.3 (30.2, 43.0) | 30.3 (21.5, 40.9) | <0.0001 |
| Chicago Field Center | 17.5 (15.2, 20.1) | 17.4 (14.4, 20.8) | 22.2 (17.8, 27.4) | 15.4 (12.0, 19.4) | 2.4 (1.1, 5.1) | |
| Miami Field Center | 25.0 (21.2, 29.2) | 29.2 (24.3, 34.7) | 18.8 (13.5, 25.6) | 31.0 (24.8, 37.9) | 62.6 (52.2, 72.0) | |
| San Diego Field Center | 28.2 (24.7, 32.1) | 32.3 (27.4, 37.6) | 38.5 (31.2, 46.4) | 17.3 (13.1, 22.5) | 4.6 (2.5, 8.4) |
Data are weighted, except for N, to reflect the sampling design of the population-based cohort study. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; WBC, white blood cell count.
aHeavy consumption of alcohol defined as 7+ drinks per week for women and 14+ drinks per week for men.