Table 2.

Smoking status at baseline and cumulative pack-years of smoking in relation to 6-year incidence of hypertension

			Incident hypertension
	N	Incident hypertension cases	RR (95% CI)
Never smoker	4,996	844	Reference
Former smoker	1,303	340	1.00 (0.85, 1.17)
Nondaily current smoker	473	64	0.90 (0.65, 1.25)
Daily current smoker, <20 cigarettes/day	752	179	1.42 (1.16, 1.74)
Daily current smoker, ≥20 cigarettes/day	191	59	1.20 (0.89, 1.62)
P value			0.008
Never smoker	4,996	844	Reference
Former smoker
<5 pack-years	659	141	0.97 (0.76, 1.24)
5–10 pack-years	212	63	1.27 (0.90, 1.79)
10–20 pack-years	174	52	0.97 (0.72, 1.29)
≥20 pack-years	258	84	1.02 (0.80, 1.29)
Current smoker
<5 pack-years	561	66	0.95 (0.67, 1.35)
5–10 pack-years	259	62	1.47 (1.05, 2.06)
10–20 pack-years	271	72	1.40 (1.00, 1.96)
≥20 pack-years	325	102	1.34 (1.09, 1.66)
P value			0.037

Light daily smoker defined as current use of <20 cigarettes/day and heavy daily smoker defined as current use of ≥20 cigarettes/day. Incident hypertension defined according to measured SBP >140 mm Hg or DBP >90 mm Hg (37% of incident cases), antihypertensive medications (36% of cases), or both measured BP and medications (27%). Poisson regression models were adjusted for age, sex, center, background, education, income, place of birth–years in the United States, health insurance, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, diabetes status, ACE inhibitor/ARB medication use, and log-UACR, with years between visits used as an offset. Missing values were handled using multiple imputation. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RR, relative risk; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.