Table 2.

Tools for the high-value care pathway

Tool	Features
Subjective patient questionnaire (Appendix B)	Patient questionnaire including data on patient demographics, back pain history, pain assessment, understanding of pain biology, catastrophizing, coping strategies, depression assessment, work status, recovery appraisal, and recovery expectations. Aggregated and de-identified comparative results from the questionnaire were fed back to participants
MyBack31	An electronic tool with an embedded algorithm to assist health professionals in understanding the level of risk associated with a patient’s signs and symptoms and triaging patients into management pathways based on risk
Explain Pain32	A patient resource providing content knowledge important for reassurance and pain science education. The book can be lent to patients to read through with carers/significant others
Explain Pain Supercharged33	A clinician’s guide for the content presented in the patient resource. Includes a guide to a pain assessment “cheat sheet”; planning conceptual change strategies; multiple examples of how to offer new concepts, engineer new experiences consistent with new concepts, and use resources that corroborate new concepts
GLITtER patient resources34,35	A 4-week patient guide that includes a framework for talking about common radiological findings in a manner that aims to reassure patients and promote activity
The Explain Pain Handbook: Protectometer36	A patient workbook integrated into care according to the cheat sheet findings
BackTracker	A bespoke tool to assist clinicians and patients to determine “normal” or “average” expected recovery rates. Can be used to guide reassurance and evidence-based escalation
Tamethebeast.org	An online resource that patients can read in their own time. It presents common pain-related target concepts and includes patient interviews in the form of podcasts
Painful Yarns37	A patient handbook that presents common target concepts

GLITtER = Green Light Imaging Interpretation to Enhance Recovery.