Table 2.

Interventions and outcomes of included reviews

			PedIMMPACT outcomes
Author, year	Intervention(s)	Longest follow-up time	Pain	Physical functioning	Emotional functioning	Role functioning	Quality of life	Sleep	Economic factors	Treatment satisfaction	Adverse events
Abbott et al., 201739	CBT, hypnosis, written self-disclosure, yoga	>1 year	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Abujaradeh et al., 201841	mindfulness-based interventions	6 months	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
American Academy of Pediatrics, 200534 and Di Lorenzo et al., 200535	CBT, coping skills, famotidine, pizotifen, peppermint oil, fiber supplement, lactose-free diet, surgery	3 years	✔			✔				✔	✔
Anie and Green, 201574	Education, various psychotherapies, art therapy	1 year	✔		✔	✔	✔		✔
Arruda et al., 201862	Amitriptyline, corticoid infusion, peripheral nerve blocks. onabotulinumtoxina injections, pharmacological + CBT	1 year	✔	✔
Badawy et al., 201875	Internet-delivered CBT, psychoeducation	7 months	✔	✔	✔			✔	✔	✔
Bailey and McManus, 200863	Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, zolmitriptan, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, dihydroergotamine, ketorolac, prochlorperazine	24 hours	✔								✔
Barnes, 201564	Almotriptan, ibuprofen, topiramate, flunarizine, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, eletriptan, propanolol, flunarizine	4 months	✔	✔							✔
Bredlau et al., 201371	Ketamine	75 days	✔								✔
Brent et al., 200959	Relaxation, hypnotherapy, CBT, psychoeducation, dietary (fiber), psychological + diet	1 year	✔	✔	✔	✔
Cairns et al., 201876	Shockwave treatment + light activity, other physical exercises, local anesthetic, surgery + physical therapy	2–3 years	✔	✔							✔
Cohen et al., 201767	CBT, coping skills, relaxation, education, distraction	4 months	✔	✔			✔				✔
Cooper, Wiffen, et al., 201742	Antiepileptics (pregabalin, gabapentin)	15 weeks	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔		✔	✔
Cooper, Heathcote, et al., 201772	NSAIDs	—	—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—
Cooper, Fisher, et al., 20178	Opioids	—	—	—	—		—	—	—	—	—
Eccleston et al., 201543	CBT, behavioral intervention	1 year	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔
Eccleston et al., 201744	NSAIDs	1 year	✔							✔	✔
Egunsola et al., 201945	Antiepileptics (pregabalin, gabapentin)	15 weeks	✔					✔			✔
Fellas et al., 201770	Foot orthotics, neoprene inserts	6 months	✔	✔			✔
Ferro and Speechley, 200868	Relaxation, herbal therapy (Tripterygium wilfordii), massage therapy	6 months	✔	✔
Fisher et al., 201846	CBT, relaxation with or without biofeedback, coping skills, problem-solving therapy, intensive inpatient rehabilitation	1 year	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Fisher et al., 201947	CBT (CD-ROM, Internet)	1 year	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔
Hechler et al., 201548	Variations of combined pharmacological, psychological, physical	2 years	✔	✔	✔	✔
Horvath et al., 201260	Dietary fiber	??	✔	✔		✔				✔	✔
Huertas-Ceballos 200877	Pizotifen, famotidine, peppermint oil capsules	??	✔
Huertas-Ceballos 200878	CBT, family therapy, dietary fiber, psychological + fiber	1 year	✔	✔		✔	✔			✔
Kichline and Cushing, 201949	Aerobic exercise	6 months	✔
Liossi et al., 201950	Variations of combined pharmacological, psychological, physical, and other	2 years	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Lonergan, 201651	CBT, family therapy	1 year	✔	✔	✔						✔
Martin et al., 201740	TCAs, antibiotics, 5-HT4 receptor agonists, antispasmodics, antihistamines, H2 receptor antagonists, serotonin antagonists, SSRIs, dopamine receptor antagonist	4 months	✔		✔	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔
Michel et al., 201152	Buprenorphine	??	✔		✔						✔
Newlove-Delgado et al., 201710	Probiotic-based interventions, fiber-based interventions, low FODMAP diets, fructose-restricted diet	4 months	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔				✔
Ng et al., 201765	CBT, relaxation, biofeedback	1 year	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Nijhof et al., 201869	CBT, relaxation, biofeedback, education, physical conditioning, Pilates, resistive underwater exercises, physical therapy + biofeedback	6 months	✔	✔			✔
Ostojic et al., 201880	Physiotherapy, massage, TENS, intrathecal baclofen, botulinum toxin A, cyclic intravenous administration of pamidronate, fentanyl, clonidine, indomethacin, intrathecal morphine, amitriptyline, gabapentin, bupivacaine, ketamine, blocks/epidural, butorphanol, magnesium sulfate, laser therapy, surgery, physiotherapy + pharmacological	2 years	✔	✔	✔		✔			✔
Palermo et al., 201053	CBT, relaxation, biofeedback	1 year	✔		✔	✔	✔
Scheper et al., 201381	Physical training, Bobath treatment	18 months	✔	✔			✔
Shah et al., 201654	Neuroaxial blocks, peripheral blocks, sympathetic blocks, Bier blocks, neurostimulation, intrathecal baclofen, intra-articular steroids	??	✔								✔
Sprenger et al., 201161	CBT, family-based, relaxation, biofeedback, yoga	??	✔								✔
Tomé-Pires and Miró, 201255	Hypnosis	1 year	✔
Trautmann et al., 200666	CBT, biofeedback, relaxation, stress management	1 year	✔
Velleman et al., 201056	CBT (CD-ROM, Internet)	6 months	✔	✔		✔	✔			✔
Weydert et al., 200357	CBT, famotidine, pizotifen. botanicals (peppermint oil), diet (fiber, lactose avoidance), CBT + biofeedback + fiber	??	✔		✔	✔				✔
Wicksell et al., 201558	Acceptance and commitment therapy	3 months	✔	✔	✔
Wiffen et al., 201773	Opioids	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Yeung et al., 201779	NSAIDs, TCAs, SSRIs, trazodone or amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, laparoscopy, laparoscopic excision or treatment, surgical ablation or excision, surgery + postoperative hormones	??	✔				✔
Zernikow et al., 201237 and Häuser et al., 201236	CBT, trauma therapy, family therapy, other psychotherapy, aerobic exercises, qi-gong, psychological + physical therapy	5+ years	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔			✔

CBT = cognitive–behavioral therapy; — = no studies; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; ?? = unclear/unknown; TCA = tricyclic antidepressants; SSRI = selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor; FODMAP = fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols; - = no studies.