TABLE I -.
Demographic, clinical characteristics and biomarker levels of patients
| Total n = 170 | HF diagnosis n = 38 | No HF diagnosis n = 132 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), median (percentiles 25th-75th), or absolute numbers (percentages). | ||||
| BMI = body mass index; CA-125 = cancer antigen 125; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDF-15 = growth differentiation factor 15; HF = heart failure; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; hsTnT = high-sensitivity troponin T; IL = interleukin; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA = New York Heart Association; sNEP = soluble neprilysin; sST2 = soluble interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α; TNFRSF1A = TNF receptor superfamily member 1A. | ||||
| Age, years | 76 ± 10.4 | 81.2 ± 8.3 | 74.4 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 115 (67.6) | 23 (60.5) | 92 (69.7) | 0.29 |
| LVEF, % | 63 ± 5.8 | 59.9 ± 7.2 | 63.8 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 132 (77.6) | 36 (94.7) | 96 (72.7) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (25.3) | 12 (31.6) | 31 (23.5) | 0.31 |
| COPD | 19 (11.2) | 7 (18.4) | 12 (9.1) | 0.11 |
| Valvular heart disease | 6 (3.5) | 3 (7.9) | 3 (2.3) | 0.10 |
| Myocardial infarction | 15 (8.8) | 7 (18.4) | 8 (6.1) | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 19 (11.2) | 16 (42.1) | 3 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | 84 (49.4) | 20 (52.6) | 64 (48.5) | 0.68 |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.72 m2 | 48 (28.2) | 18 (47.4) | 30 (22.7) | 0.003 |
| Functional class, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| I | 20 (11.8) | 2 (6.1) | 18 (13.6) | |
| II | 116 (68.2) | 18 (54.5) | 98 (74.2) | |
| III | 34 (20.0) | 18 (39.4) | 16 (12.1) | |
| Exertion dyspnea | 145 (85.3) | 36 (94.7) | 109 (82.6) | 0.06 |
| Orthopnea | 16 (9.4) | 8 (21.1) | 8 (6.1) | 0.005 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | 6 (3.5) | 2 (5.3) | 4 (3.0) | 0.51 |
| Lung crackles | 29 (17.1) | 11 (28.9) | 18 (13.6) | 0.03 |
| Total B-line sum | 5.6 ± 10.1 | 14.1 ± 15.0 | 3.2 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | 202 (104-640) | 1350 (666-3551) | 148 (88-289) | <0.001 |
| GDF-15, ng/L | 1708 (1175-2511) | 3133 (2040-4075) | 1470 (1113-2117) | <0.001 |
| hsTnT, ng/L | 11.9 (6.7-21.7) | 24.8 (13.8-39.9) | 9.6 (5.9-15.9) | <0.001 |
| sST2, ng/mL | 27.5 (21.8-37.6) | 39.6 (32-56.6) | 25.2 (20.7-33.8) | <0.001 |
| CA-125, U/mL | 13.7 (9.7-22.7) | 21.4 (11.4-55.4) | 13 (8.8-20) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 3.4 (1.9-7.3) | 5.3 (2.3-19.2) | 3.1 (1.7-5.8) | 0.005 |
| IL-33, pg/mL | 93.7 (93.7-601.2) | 93.7 (93.7-548) | 93.7 (93.7-632.3) | 0.78 |
| IL-1β, ng/mL | 0.34 (0.27-0.44) | 0.33 (0.25-0.45) | 0.35 (0.28-0.43) | 0.60 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 4.4 (2.9-7.2) | 6.3 (4.3-14.3) | 3.9 (2.8-5.9) | <0.001 |
| sNEP, ng/mL | 0.209 (0.062-0.605) | 0.206 (0.062-0.465) | 0.208 (0.062-0.630) | 0.62 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 56.3 (49.9-67.5) | 60.8 (52.7-71.1) | 55.1 (49.1-66.1) | 0.02 |
| TNFRSF1A, ng/mL | 1.88 (1.45-2.39) | 2.39 (1.72-3.56) | 1.75 (1.42-2.21) | <0.001 |