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. 2007 Oct 8;4(3):197–207. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00333.x

Table 3.

Study characteristics of 14 controlled clinical trials on the prevention of heel ulcers

Type of intervention Reference (total N) Country E/C or E2 (N) Mean age (E/C) (year) Population Type of intervention for experimental Type of intervention for control or E2/E3 Additional intervention Results n/N PEDro/10 Jadad/5
Air mattress Aronovitch et al. (1) USA E = 112, C = 105 63·5 ± 11·9 Cardio Sx Air Mattress Gel pad = OR, SHM = post‐OR None E = 0/112, C = 3/105 3 0
64·7 ± 11·8
Jesurum et al. (3) South central USA E = 16, C = 20 67 ± 5·51 Cardio Sx Air Mattress SHM and Foam TS E = 4/16, C = 2/20 4 2
69 ± 2·31
Russell et al. (31) Canada E = 98, C = 100 65·2 ± 10·9 Cardio Sx Air Mattress Gel pad = OR, SHM = post‐OR None E = 0/98, C = 1/100 6 3
65·2 ± 10·6
Takala et al. (33) Finland E = 11, C = 13 60 ± 16 ICU Air Mattress SHM SRC E = 0/11, C = 2/13 5 2
63 ± 12
Devices Gilcreast et al. (27) USA E1 = 77, E2 = 87, E3 = 76 Data not available ICU, Med Surg ward, cardiology Bunny Boot Egg Crate, Foot Waffle SHP E1 = 3/77, E2 = 4/87, E3 = 5/76 4 1
Tymec et al (11) USA E = 26, C = 26 66·6 ± 16·5 Mixed Device‐FW Device‐SHP SRC E = 0/26, C = 1/26 3 2
Foam mattress Gray and Smith (28) UK E = 50, C = 50 69 ± 4·5 Surg/Ortho, Med wards Foam Mattress SHM SRC, AD E = 0/50, C = 1/50 6 3
61 ± 4·1
Gunningberg et al. (29) Sweden E = 48, C = 53 84 (66–102) Surg/Ortho, Med wards Foam Mattress SHM SRC, AD E = 3/48, C = 5/53 5 3
85 (67–96)
Vyhlidal et al. (34) USA E = 20, C = 20 74·25 ± 17·49 LTC Foam Mattress SHM SRC E = 2/20, C = 8/20 5 2
80·16 ± 8·96
Overlays Conine et al. (25) Canada E1 =76, E2 = 72 38·8 ± 13·0 Neuro Silicore Overlay Air Overlay SRC, TS, AD E1 = 18/76, E2 = 19/72 4 2
35·6 ± 13·0
Daechsel and Conine (26) Canada E1 = 16, E2 = 16 42·6 ± 13·7 LTC, Neuro Silicore Overlay Air Overlay SRC, TS, AD E1 = 0/16, E2 = 2/16 5 2
38·5 ± 13·82
Sanada et al. (32) Japan E1 = 26, E2 = 29, C = 27 73·9 ± 10·4 Mixed Air Overlay, Air Overlay SHM SRC, TS E1 = 2/26, E2 = 0/29, C = 2/27 4 3
69·5 ± 14·7
70·6 ± 10·7
Combined Gebhardt et al. (24) UK E = 23, C = 20 55 (23–83) ICU Combined‐AP Combined‐CLP SRC, TS E = 0/23, C = 2/20 2 1
60 (21–83)
Inman et al. 23, 30 Canada E = 107, C = 37 64·6 ± 15·2 ICU Combined‐P Combined‐P/R TS E = 15/107, C = 4/37 4 3
65·9 ± 15·3

AD, additional intervention; AP‐, alternating pressure; C, control; Cardio Sx, cardiovascular surgery; CLP, continuous low pressure; Combined, mattress + overlay; DL, double‐layer air cell overlay; E, experimental; FW, foot waffle; ICU, intensive care unit; LTC, long‐term care; Med wards, medical wards; N, number of people; n/N, number of heel ulcers/number of people; Neuro, neurorehabilitation; OR, operating room; P, purchase; P/R, purchase/rent; Pop, population; Ref, References; SHM, standard hospital mattress; SHP, standard hospital pillow; SL, Single‐layer air cell overlay; SRC, standard routine care; Surg/Ortho, Surgery/orthopaedics; TS, turning schedule; USA, United States of America; UK, United Kingdom.