Figure 1.

Immune cell composition in airways and blood compartments of COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls

(A) Schematic diagram showing assays performed on COVID-19 patient airway and blood samples for this study.

(B) Principal-component analysis (PCA) of all COVID-19 samples based on mean marker expression colored by site (left), condition (center), and subjects (right).

(C) UMAP embedding of flow cytometry results from all airway and blood samples combined colored by major cell lineage (top panel), and separated by tissue site in COVID-19 and healthy donor samples (bottom 4 panels) (COVID-19 airway: n = 69, COVID-19 blood: n = 83, healthy airway: n = 5, healthy blood: n = 5).

(D) Boxplots showing the frequency of major immune cell lineages of total CD45⁺CD66b⁻ cells in COVID-19 and healthy airway (left) and blood (right) samples. Each dot in the boxplot represents an individual patient sample. Statistical significance was calculated using 1-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post-test indicated by^∗p ≤ 0.05; ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01; and ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001.

(E) Boxplots showing the frequency of each major cell lineage of total CD45⁺CD66b⁻ cells in airway (top) and blood (bottom) samples collected longitudinally for COVID-19 and healthy subjects. Color of boxes corresponds to lineage, and each dot is an individual patient sample.